Eva Gerhards, Satis Shroff and Toni Hagen in a Freiburger tavern

Let’s Live Together, Despite the Differences (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

I met Toni Hagen ages ago in Freiburg where he’d come to give a talk about Nepal, and I must say he made a jolly good impression. As a long-time Freiburger, I went with him to a local tavern near the Schwabentor for a swig of German beer. ‘I’ve travelled 14,000 km on foot in Nepal’ said Toni Hagen, a soft-spoken, silvery-haired Swiss-geologist who would be 89 years now, hadn’t Yamaraj beckoned him earlier. He had that typical Schwyzerdeutsch accent, and he liked to think of his days in Nepal in the early fifties as his ‘wandering years,’ for as is the custom in Switzerland and Germany, when you’re through with learning your trade you embark upon an adventurous trip seeking expertise in as many cities and countries as possible before you settle down some place. His poor wife had to remain in Lenzerheide with the children.

In the case of Toni Hagen, however, he seemed to be a wandering soul, even in the winter of his life, spending half of his time in the Swiss Alps and the other half in the Himalayas. He was one of the last living witnesses of a secretive Nepal of the Middle Ages. He entered the Kingdom at a time when it was a “forbidden land” in the early fifties. As the first foreigner who had the freedom of travelling in Nepal as he pleased, Hagen visited areas which are still forbidden to most people even today. Most Toni Hagen admirers can view his life and experiences in the film ‘The Ring of Buddha.’ It is a melange of original film material from the fifties, colour transparencies from his book on the geology of Nepal, and the viewer gets an idea of the Kingdom of Nepal and its peoples. When I saw the film, I had the uneasy feeling that he was saying goodbye to us all.

With the passage of time, Toni Hagen changed his profession from geology to development-work, and he was deeply concerned about the problems of development aid, its successes and failures not only in Nepal but also in many other countries. The people interested him more than the stratigraphic formations. In a book published by the Unesco, dealing with the ‘socio-economic problems of Nepal’ he mentioned the development projects in Nepal and said that the ‘ecological catastrophe prophesy’ that he made in the early fifties ‘has come true’ and talked about the pioneer work in the geological survey of Nepal from 1960 till 1970, and wrote about his new edition of ‘Nepal’ and proudly mentioned that it was a fourth edition ‘without any changes’, and called it a standard work on Nepal, which indeed it is.

He took delight in the fact that the World Bank stopped the Arun III project in Nepal thanks to his efforts and the united lobbying on the part of the ecological organisation Urgewalt, Dr. Hermann Warth, and the political fractions from the SPD, Bündnis 90, the Greens and the PDS in influencing the German government, in addition to the decision of the new World Bank president James Wolfensohn and the assertion of the then prime minister Adhikary. After the World Bank decision not to finance the dam project, it was taken for granted that the 235 million marks from the German side would be set aside for other smaller projects. The Arun III was observed in Germany as development-politics gone haywire.

‘What Nepal needs,’ he stressed, ‘is not road-building projects but genuine and effective help in the agricultural sector. What Nepal needs are not atomic plants but water-works.’ And he wasn’t tired of mentioning, with a sense of pride, that His Majesty King Birendra had read his old reports and had asked him for his opinion regarding Nepal’s optimal development.

‘Is it too late for my country?’ was the question asked by King Birendra, he said, and in the same breath he expressed his admiration for the Nepalese King. He was of the opinion that ‘constitutional monarchy and continuity are essential for Nepal’s survival,’ and praised the advantages of decentralisation, which according to him, is a central characteristic of democracy and is important for every case involving planning whether it’s hydroelectric plants or tourism. In those days, the only pressure that Nepal had as a sovereign state was from India in connection with the trade and transit disagreements. Times have changed and the threat is from within, in the form of maoists, and not from without.

Toni Hagen said, ‘Development must come from the grassroots.’ He was awarded the title of ‘Distinguished Person of Kathmandu City’ on 15th of June 1995 by the mayor of Kathmandu Mr. P.L. Singh, who also presented him a key to the city. On this occasion Toni Hagen went on record as saying ‘Despite the failure of some politicians and parties, freedom of speech, press-freedom, multiparty system and the role of the opposition in the parliament remain the most important trait of the new system in Nepale­se politics.

Nepal can be divided into seven zones: the Terai, the Siwalik Hills, the Mahabharat Mountains (Lekh), the Nepal Midlands, the Himalayas, the Inner Himalayas and the Tibetan marginal mountains. And according to Toni Hagen the river system existed before the Nepal Himalayas came into existence. The Himalayan rivers carved gigantic gorges. According to him it would be appropriate if the Midlands were not ignored today. Almost lamentably he said that the terai urwald, primeval forest, did not exist anymore and talked about the World Bank and the Nepalese government’s project of settling people from the hills to the terai.

From the terai to the hills you have in ascending order of crop cultivation: rice, wheat, maize, millet, potatoes and grassland. Wheat is a relatively new crop in Nepal. He found the soft green revolution in Kathmandu welcome, but at the same time he pointed to the fact that the population had risen in the last decade at an alarming tempo, and called it ‘schlimm’ and bad enough. Nepal, in comparison to other Asian countries, has five persons per hectre of land’, he said and ‘possesses the biggest concentration of population density’.

And then he started to talk about the soil erosion. From the terai at the gangetic-level upto a height of 1800m you have rice terraces and from there up to 3000m you have the Kampf­zone (battle-zone) for existence and above that you have, till an elevation of 3500m, forests with increasing erosion and then grasslands in the Himalaya regions. He pointed out that the steep terraces resulted in soil erosion caused by human beings. The yield per hectre had been decreasing and the land for cultivation had also been decreasing.

As far as the terai was concerned, his prognosis was that it would produce surplus food for a decade, and mentioned that most of the food went to India, because the traders in the plains offered better prices and the transport infrastructure was already there in form of good railways and roads.

In the terai the ground water can be reached at a depth of 2 metres. The terai, with its rich alluvial soil, could be developed into the corn-chamber of Nepal, much like the Punjab in India. And Nepal should not export its rice to India but keep it for domestic demands in the Kingdom. He shook his head and said, ‘It’s easy, but it doesn’t function. We may have a surplus at the moment but the question is whether we can keep up this production or not?’

The farmers must be helped was his argument. Toni Hagen admitted he didn’t have a patent recipe for the problems of Nepal. The farmers had been ignored in Nepal according to Toni Hagen (not so in Taiwan and Niger). He complained that the Foreign Aid until 1976 invested money mostly in road-construction projects which was a grave mistake, for it sucked up the last reserves of Nepal.

Nepal is like a very sick patient. Multilateral and bilateral aid agencies at the governmental and non-governmental level have injected foreign cash and material into Nepal, and the result is that the very economic structure has been weakened. A sum of US 552.8 million was transferred to Nepal without any visible changes in the economic structure of the country and has created an aid-industry in which the corrupt middlemen earn a good living. The country’s masses suffer stoically, as they have done throughout the centuries at the hands of other rulers. Chakari, nepotism and corruption are just as rampant in the post-democratic era as in the past.

It must be noted, he said, that above 90% of the Nepalese population lives on agriculture. The first priority was given to transport, then agriculture and lastly energy. The other way round would have been better on the long run.

He held a pedagogic finger and reminded one Nepal is a country with the biggest hydro-electric potential in the world. ‘Even back in the fifties I suggested to the government to develop energy. Some officials regarded him as ‘backward in his thinking,’ and according to him foreign ex­change was wasted on useless thermal energy projects.

Whereas the population of Nepal in 1950 was 8 million, in 1988 it was 17,5 million. Today it’s 27 million. And whereas the mean life expectancy in 1950 was 26 years, a Nepalese now can live to be 40 to 50 years old if not more. Malaria was rampant in 1950 with 3 million cases, and in the eighties malaria, which was thought to have been eradicated, has made a comeback because the ‘mosquitoes are immune’. Whereas there were 2,5 million domestic animals in 1962, there are over 3,2 million these days. And whereas there were 6,4 million hectares of forest in 1950, it was reduced to half, namely 3,2 hectares in 1982. And whereas the illiteracy in 1950 was 98%, by 1976 almost 77% of the boys (and 25% girls) had gone through compulsory primary school. And as for the medical aspects, 50% more Nepalese doctors are concentrated in Kathmandu Valley than anywhere else in the Kingdom. Due to the war between the Maoists and the government troops and police there has been a steady decline (38%) in the tourist since 1998. And more than 13 000 Nepalese have died in the struggle for power. This would have appeared like a nightmare to Toni Hagen, who had another picture of Nepal in his mind—corrupt, but peaceful and tolerant. Live and let live was the life philosophy. Today it’s live and let die.

The rate of people leaving the rural areas was 3% in 1951 in comparison to 12% in 1982. The crop production figures and prospects according to the Swiss expert look gloomy with a deficit in the year 2000, beginning already in the early with a downward trend.

To a question about the Swiss road in Jiri, which had been praised in German TV as an ecological and technical masterpiece, he said: ‘It’s well built, but wrongly laid (falsch Angelegt). Neither did he have words of praise for the Nepal-India road, nor for the Kathmandu-Lhasa highway, which were great engineering feats. The Tribhuvan Rajpath connecting Nepal with India (built in 1956) was very bad because of erosion along the sides of the road. He called it a ‘terrible construction’. In the meantime the road is open for traffic.

‘In development aid there’s always a wrong investment. The aid-donors wanted to do too much in Nepal. That was the problem’, says Toni Hagen.

On the 11th of April 1996 there was a two-day ‘Nepal Aid Group’ conference in Paris, the first of its kind since 1992. The participating 13 donor nations were: Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Holland, Norway, the Saudi Development Fond, Switzerland, U.K., USA, in addition to various international finance organisations. The summit granted for the period 1996-97 assistance worth US$ 993 million to Nepal.

The then Nepalese finance minister Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat said, ‘The meeting in Paris has proved that the donor-nations show a cooperative attitude towards Nepal. The main points that these countries complained about were: the constant posting of the government employees, their sinking morale and the delay in the posting and transfers of the civil servants engaged in the development works. The aid-donors suggested that the prices of the public service should be oriented to the actual costs and emphasised the necessity of controlling the rampant corruption’.

Another current trend in development aid from Europe is this ‘Help to Self-Help’ especi­ally from the Germans. In 1995 Nepal received 29.3 million German marks for the projects and programmes of the financial and technical cooperation (FZ & TZ). The financial cooperation involves family-planning, a road infrastructure and a biogas project.

Toni Hagen said, ‘The Nepalese, for instance, should plant trees and care for them for five years. Integral projects would be good for Nepal’ and went on to talk about big projects with the motto: ‘No money, no water’ in other countries. The big organisations of rich countries have lots of money for development projects but how the money was invested was another matter. In his book on development problems he analysed 230 development projects, and according to him in rural areas only small projects have a chance to survive.

He quoted the villager who said, ‘My village has survived so many development projects’. Does it do good to bring the villages in developing countries to modern levels?

Even Swiss villages have come into being through laborious processes of development over long periods of history. Nepal is trying to catch up with the developed world within a few decades. There’s also the question of loss of identity due to development aid. Toni Hagen’s world existed during the Hippie-happy and Flower-power days, for there were no signs of militant maoists in those days. I remember a visitor from England, who was travelling with his side-kick from south India, who said, ‘In Nepal even children can walk around the countryside without fear of being molested or abducted. The Nepalese are such a wonderful people.’ Today, the parents would think twice before they let their children roam about in Nepal.

During my Tri Chandra College days, the communist students came from Doti, Silgadi and Dharan and had stacks of literature penned by Kim Il Sung, Lenin, Marx and Mao’s red books, all made available by the respective cultural centres of these communist countries in Kathmandu. Nobody raised an eyebrow, for these books were available every, even at the Sajha shops of Kathmandu and elsewhere. Today the maoists have spread from Rukum and the Far West but also in Kathmandu. An educated working mother from Kathmandu, with a PhD from Germany, wrote recently to me, ‘Imagine how life in Kathmandu is, due to the corrupt politicians. Right now there are street blockades, actually economic blockades around Kathmandu imposed by the Maoists, The market-price of food commodities have gone pretty high. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander, unité, une nation, un monde
Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo
Le ™ s de € de Letâ de phase ensemble, en dépit des différences (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

j'ai rencontré Toni Hagen il y a des âges dans Freiburg où le ™ d de € de heâ viennent pour donner un parler Népal, et je dois dire qu'il a fait une bonne impression gaie. Comme Freiburger à long terme, je suis allé avec lui à une taverne locale près du Schwabentor pour une gorgée de bière allemande. le ve de ™ de € d'Iâ de ˜ de € d'â a voyagé 14.000 kilomètres à pied dans le € Toni par ™ Hagen, un Suisse-géologue doux-parlé et argenté-d'une chevelure qui serait de 89 ans maintenant, le ™ t Yamaraj de Nepalâ de € de hadnâ l'a montré du doigt plus tôt. Il a eu cet accent typique de Schwyzerdeutsch, et il a aimé penser à ses jours au Népal dans les années '50 tôt en tant que ses années errantes de ˜ de € d'â, ™ de € d'â pour de même que la coutume en Suisse et en Allemagne, quand des Re de ™ de € de youâ à travers avec apprendre votre commerce que vous vous embarquez sur une expertise cherchante de voyage aventureux dans autant de villes et pays comme possible avant toi fixez un certain endroit. Sa pauvre épouse a dû rester dans Lenzerheide avec les enfants.

Dans le cas de Toni Hagen, cependant, il a semblé être une âme errante, même en hiver de sa vie, dépensant la moitié de son temps dans les Alpes suisses et l'autre moitié en Himalaya. Il était l'un des derniers témoins vivants du Népal réservé des âges moyens. Il est entré le royaume à un moment où c'était un  de € de landâ interdit par œ de € d'â dans les années '50 tôt. En tant que premier étranger qui a eu la liberté de déplacement au Népal en tant que He a satisfait, les secteurs visités par Hagen qui sont toujours en cours d'interdiction la plupart des personnes même aujourd'hui. La plupart des admirateurs de Toni Hagen peuvent regarder sa vie et des expériences du ˜ de € d'â de film l'anneau du ™ de € de Buddha.â c'est un mélange du matériel original de film des années '50, transparents de couleur de son livre sur la géologie du Népal, et la visionneuse a une idée du royaume du Népal et de ses peuples. Quand j'ai vu le film, j'ai eu le sentiment incommode qu'il disait au revoir à nous tous.

Au fil du temps, Toni Hagen a changé sa profession de la géologie en développement-travaillent, et il a été profondément préoccupé par les problèmes de l'aide au développement, de ses succès et des échecs non seulement au Népal mais également dans beaucoup d'autres pays. Le peuple l'a intéressé davantage que les formations stratigraphiques. Dans un livre édité par l'UNESCO, traitant les problèmes socio-économiques de ˜ de € d'â du ™ de € de Nepalâ il a mentionné les projets de développement au Népal et a dit que le ™ écologique de € de prophesyâ de catastrophe de ˜ de € d'â qu'il a fait dans le ˜ tôt de € d'â d'années '50 a le ™ venu de € de trueâ et parle le travail pionnier dans l'aperçu géologique du Népal de 1960 jusqu'à 1970, et a écrit au sujet de sa nouvelle édition de ™ de € de Nepalâ de ˜ de € d'â et a fièrement mentionné que c'était un quatrième ˜ de € d'â d'édition sans n'importe quel ™ de € de changesâ, et appelé l'un travail standard sur le Népal, qui en effet il est.

Il a pris le plaisir dans le fait que la banque mondiale a arrêté le projet d'Arun III dans grâce du Népal à ses efforts et l'incitation unie de la part de l'organisation écologique Urgewalt, Dr. Hermann Warth, et les fractions politiques ndnis 90 de SPD, de BÃ de ¼, les verts et le PDS en influençant le gouvernement allemand, en plus de la décision du nouveau Président James Wolfensohn et l'affirmation de banque mondiale du premier ministre puis Adhikary. Après que la décision de banque mondiale pour ne pas financer le projet de barrage, il ait été prise pour reconnaissant que 235 millions de marks du côté allemand seraient mis de côté pour d'autres plus petits projets. On a observé l'Arun III en Allemagne comme développement-politique allée désordonnée.

˜ de € d'â le quel Népal a besoin, ™ de € d'â qu'il a souligné, le ˜ de € d'â n'est pas des projets de route-bâtiment mais aide véritable et efficace dans le secteur agricole. Le quel Népal a besoin ne sont pas les usines atomiques mais le ™ de € de water-works.â et il le ™ t de € de wasnâ fatigué de la mention, avec un sens de fierté, que son Roi Birendra de majesté avait lu ses vieux rapports et lui avait demandé son avis concernant le développement optimal du ™ s de € de Nepalâ.

le ˜ de € d'â est lui trop en retard pour mon pays ? le ™ de € d'â était la question posée par le Roi Birendra dit-il et en même souffle il a exprimé son admiration pour le roi népalais. Il était de l'opinion que la monarchie et la continuité constitutionnelles de ˜ de € d'â sont essentielles pour la survie du ™ s de € de Nepalâ, ™ de € d'â et a félicité les avantages de la décentralisation, qui selon lui, est une caractéristique centrale de démocratie et est importante pour chaque cas comportant la planification si les usines hydroélectriques ou le tourisme du ™ s de € d'itâ. En ces jours, la seule pression que le Népal a eue pendant qu'un état souverain était l'Inde en liaison avec les désaccords du commerce et de passage. Les temps ont changé et la menace est d'en dedans, sous forme de maoïstes, et pas d'en dehors.

Toni Hagen dit, développement de ˜ de € d'â doit venir du ™ de € de grassroots.â qu'il a été attribué le titre de la personne distinguée par ˜ de € d'â du ™ de € de Katmandou Cityâ sur le 15ème du juin 1995 par le maire de M. de Katmandou. P.L. Singh, qui lui a également présenté une clef à la ville. À cette occasion Toni Hagen est allé sur le disque en tant que dire le ˜ de € d'â en dépit de l'échec de quelques politiciens et les parties, la liberté de la parole, la serrer-liberté, le système multipartiste et le rôle de l'opposition au parlement demeurent le trait le plus important du nouveau système dans la politique de NepaleÂse.

Le Népal peut être divisé en sept zones : le Terai, les collines de Siwalik, les montagnes de Mahabharat (Lekh), le Népal les Midlands, l'Himalaya, l'Himalaya intérieur et les montagnes marginales tibétaines. Et selon Toni Hagen le système de fleuve a existé avant que l'Himalaya du Népal ait hérité l'existence. Les fleuves de l'Himalaya ont découpé les gorges colossales. Selon lui il serait approprié si les Midlands n'étaient pas ignorés aujourd'hui. Presque lamentably il a dit que l'urwald de terai, forêt primitive, n'a plus existé et a parlé de la banque mondiale et du projet népalais du ™ s de € de governmentâ des personnes de arrangement des collines au terai.

Du terai aux collines vous avez dans l'ordre croissant de la culture : riz, blé, maïs, millet, pommes de terre et prairie. Le blé est une récolte relativement nouvelle au Népal. Il a trouvé la révolution verte douce dans la bienvenue de Katmandou, mais en même temps il a indiqué que la population s'était levée dans la dernière décennie à un tempo alarmant, et l'avait appelé assez ™ et mauvais de € de schlimmâ de ˜ de € d'â. Le Népal, par rapport à d'autres pays asiatiques, a cinq personnes par hectre de ™ de € de landâ, il a dit et le ˜ de € d'â possède la plus grande concentration du ™ de € de densityâ de population.

Et alors il a commencé à parler de l'érosion de sol. Du terai au gangetic-niveau jusqu'à une taille de 1800m vous avez des terrasses de riz et là jusqu'à de 3000m vous avez le KampfÂzone (bataille-zone) pour l'existence et au-dessus de celui vous avez, jusqu'à une altitude de 3500m, des forêts avec l'augmentation de l'érosion et puis des prairies dans les régions de l'Himalaya. Il a précisé que les terrasses raides ont eu comme conséquence l'érosion de sol provoquée par les êtres humains. Le rendement par hectre avait diminué et la terre pour la culture avait également diminué.

En ce qui concerne le terai, son pronostic était qu'il produirait la nourriture en surplus pendant une décennie, et a mentionné que la majeure partie de la nourriture est allée en Inde, parce que les commerçants dans les plaines ont offert de meilleurs prix et l'infrastructure de transport étaient déjà là sous la forme de bons chemins de fer et routes.

Dans le terai les eaux souterraines peuvent être atteintes à une profondeur de 2 mètres. Le terai, avec son sol alluvial riche, a pu être développé en maïs-chambre du Népal, tout comme le Pendjab en Inde. Et le Népal ne devrait pas exporter son riz vers l'Inde mais le maintenir pour des demandes domestiques dans le royaume. Il a secoué sa tête et a dit, le ™ s de € d'Itâ de ˜ de € d'â facile, mais lui fonction du ™ t de € de doesnâ. Nous pouvons avoir un excédent à l'heure actuelle mais la question est-elle, que nous puissions maintenir cette production ou pas ? le ™ de € d'â que

les fermiers doivent être aidés était son argument. Toni Hagen a admis qu'il le ™ t de € de didnâ ont une recette de brevet pour les problèmes du Népal. Les fermiers avaient été ignorés au Népal selon Toni Hagen (pas aussi Taiwan et au Niger). Il s'est plaint que l'aide étrangère jusqu'à ce que 1976 aient investi l'argent la plupart du temps dans des projets de route-construction qui était une erreur grave, parce que elle a sucé vers le haut des dernières réservations du Népal.

Le Népal est comme un patient très malade. Les agences multilatérales et bilatérales d'aide au niveau gouvernemental et non gouvernemental ont injecté l'argent comptant et le matériel étrangers en le Népal, et le résultat est que la structure très économique a été affaiblie. Une somme des USA 552.8 millions n'a été transférée au Népal sans aucun changement évident de la structure économique du pays et a créé une aide-industrie dans laquelle les intermédiaires corrompus gagnent une bonne vie. Les masses du ™ s de € de countryâ souffrent stoically, comme elles ont fait tout au long des siècles aux mains d'autres règles. Chakari, népotisme et corruption sont comme effrénés juste dans l'ère poteau-démocratique que dans le passé.

Il doit noter dit-il qu'au-dessus de 90% de la population népalaise vit sur l'agriculture. La première priorité a été accordée au transport, puis agriculture et pour finir énergie. Le contraire aurait été meilleur sur le de longue durée.

Il a tenu un doigt pédagogique et rappelé l'un Népal est un pays avec le plus grand potentiel hydro-électrique dans le monde. le ˜ de € d'â soutiennent même dans les années '50 où j'ai suggéré au gouvernement de développer l'énergie. Quelques fonctionnaires l'ont considéré comme le ˜ de € d'â vers l'arrière dans sa pensée, ™ de € d'â et selon lui l'exÂchange étranger a été gaspillé sur des projets thermiques inutiles d'énergie.

Considérant que la population du Népal en 1950 avait 8 millions ans, en 1988 il était 17.5 millions. Aujourd'hui ™ s de € d'itâ 27 millions. Et tandis que l'espérance de vie moyenne en 1950 était de 26 ans, un Népalais maintenant peut vivre pour être 40 à 50 années sinon plus. La malaria était effrénée en 1950 avec 3 millions de cas, et dans les années '80 où la malaria, qui a été pensée pour avoir été supprimée, a fait un retour parce que les moustiques de ˜ de € d'â sont ™ de € d'immuneâ. Considérant qu'il y avait 2.5 millions d'animaux domestiques en 1962, il y a plus de 3.2 millions de nos jours. Et tandis qu'il y avait 6.4 millions de hectares de forêt en 1950, il a été réduit à la moitié, à savoir 3.2 hectares en 1982. Et tandis que l'analphabétisme en 1950 était 98%, d'ici 1976 presque 77% des garçons (et de filles de 25%) était passé par l'école primaire forcée. Et quant aux aspects médicaux, des médecins plus népalais de 50% sont concentrés en vallée de Katmandou que n'importe où ailleurs dans le royaume. En raison de la guerre entre les maoïstes et les troupes de gouvernement et la police il y a eu un déclin régulier (38%) dans le touriste depuis 1998. Et plus de le Népalais 13 000 sont morts dans la lutte pour la puissance. Ceci serait apparu comme un cauchemar à Toni Hagen, qui a eu une autre image du Népal dans son ” de € de mindâ corrompu, mais paisible et tolérant. Était il faut bien que tout le monde vive la philosophie de la vie. Aujourd'hui le ™ s de € d'itâ de phase et a laissé la matrice.

Le taux de personnes laissant les secteurs ruraux était 3% de 1951 par rapport à 12% de 1982. Les chiffres et les perspectives de production végétale selon le sembler expert suisse sombre avec un déficit en l'année 2000, commençant déjà dans le tôt par une évolution à la baisse.

À une question au sujet de la route suisse en Jiri, qui avait été félicité dans la TV allemande comme chef d'oeuvre écologique et technique, il a dit : ™ s de € d'Itâ de ˜ de € d'â bien construit, mais incorrectement étendu (falsch Angelegt). Ni il n'a eu des mots d'éloge pour la route de la Népal-Inde, ni pour la route de Katmandou-Lhasa, qui étaient de grands exploits de technologie. Le Tribhuvan Rajpath reliant le Népal à l'Inde (construite en 1956) était très mauvais en raison de l'érosion le long des côtés de la route. Il l'a appelé un ˜ de € d'⠙ terrible de € de constructionâ. En attendant la route est ouverte pour le trafic.

˜ de € d'â dans le ™ s de € de thereâ d'aide au développement toujours un investissement faux. Les aide-donateurs ont voulu faire trop au Népal. C'était le ™ de € de problemâ, dit Toni Hagen.

Sur la 11ème de l'avril 1996 il y avait une conférence de deux jours de ™ de € de Groupâ d'aide du Népal de ˜ de € d'â à Paris, la première de sa sorte depuis 1992. Les 13 nations de distributeur participantes étaient : Le Canada, Danemark, Finlande, France, Allemagne, Italie, Japon, Hollande, Norvège, le développement saoudien affectueux, Suisse, R-U, Etats-Unis, en plus de divers organismes de finance internationale. Le sommet accordé pour l'aide 1996-97 de période en valeur US$ 993 millions au Népal.

Le Dr. népalais puis de ministre des finances. Enfoncent Sharan Mahat dit, ˜ de € d'â que la réunion à Paris a montré que les donateur-nations montrent une attitude coopérative envers le Népal. Les points principaux que ces pays se sont plaints étaient environ : la signalisation constante des employés de gouvernement, de leur moral de descente et du retarder dans la signalisation et les transferts des fonctionnaires s'est engagée dans les travaux de développement. Les aide-donateurs ont proposé que les prix du service public devraient être orientés aux coûts effectifs et ont souligné la nécessité de commander le ™ effréné de € de corruptionâ.

Une autre tendance courante en aide au développement de l'Europe est cette aide de ˜ de € d'â au ™ de € d'Individu-Helpâ especiÂally des Allemands. En le Népal 1995 reçu 29.3 millions de marques allemandes pour les projets et les programmes de la coopération financière et technique (FZ et TZ). La coopération financière comporte la famille-planification, une infrastructure de route et les biogas projettent.

Toni Hagen a dit, ˜ de € d'â le Népalais, par exemple, devrait planter des arbres et le soin pour eux pendant cinq années. Les projets intégraux seraient bons pour le ™ de € de Nepalâ et ont continué pour parler de grands projets avec la devise : ˜ de € d'â aucun argent, aucun ™ de € de waterâ dans d'autres pays. Les grands organismes des pays riches ont un bon nombre d'argent pour des projets de développement mais comment l'argent a été investi étaient une autre matière. En son livre sur des problèmes de développement il a analysé 230 projets de développement, et selon lui dans des secteurs ruraux seulement petits les projets ont une chance de survivre.

Il a cité le villageois que dit, le ˜ de € d'â mon village a tellement des beaucoup de survécus ™ de € de projectsâ de développement. Est-ce que cela le fait du bien d'apporter les villages dans les pays en voie de développement aux niveaux modernes ?

Même les villages suisses se sont produits par des processus laborieux des périodes d'excédent de développement longtemps de l'histoire. Le Népal essaye de se rattraper par rapport au monde développé dans quelques décennies. ™ s de € de Thereâ également la question de la perte d'identité due à l'aide au développement. Le monde du ™ s de € de Toni Hagenâ a existé pendant les jours Hippie-heureux et de Fleur-puissance, parce que il n'y avait aucun signe des maoïstes militants en ces jours. Je me rappelle un visiteur d'Angleterre, qui voyageait avec son associé d'Inde du sud, qui dit, ˜ de € d'â dans des enfants du Népal même peux marcher autour de la campagne sans crainte d'être molesté ou enlevé. Le Népalais sont un ™ si merveilleux de € de people.â aujourd'hui, les parents penserait deux fois avant qu'ils laissent leurs enfants errer environ au Népal.

Pendant mes tri jours d'université de Chandra, les étudiants communistes sont venus de Doti, de Silgadi et de Dharan et ont fait parquer des piles de littérature par Kim Il Sung, Lenin, Marx et les livres rouges du ™ s de € de Maoâ, ont tout rendu disponible par les centres culturels respectifs de ces pays communistes à Katmandou. Personne n'a soulevé un sourcil, parce que ces livres étaient chaque disponible, même aux magasins de Sajha de Katmandou et ailleurs. Aujourd'hui les maoïstes se sont étendus de Rukum et de l'ouest lointain mais également à Katmandou. Une mère travaillante instruite de Katmandou, avec un PhD d'Allemagne, m'a écrit récemment, ˜ de € d'â imaginent comment la vie à Katmandou est, en raison des politiciens corrompus. En ce moment il y a les blocus de rue, blocus réellement économiques autour de Katmandou imposé par les maoïstes, le marché-prix des produits de nourriture ont la jolie haute allée. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander, Togetherness, una nación, un mundo
Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo
El ™ s del € de Letâ vivo junto, a pesar de las diferencias (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

satisfice a Toni Hagen hace edades en Freiburg adonde el ™ d del € del heâ viene dar un hablar Nepal, y debo decir que él hizo una buena impresión alegre. Como Freiburger de largo plazo, fui con él a una taberna local cerca del Schwabentor para un trago de la cerveza alemana. el ve del ™ del € de Iâ del ˜ del € del â viajó 14.000 kilómetros a pie en el € Toni dicho ™ Hagen, Suizo-geólogo suave-hablado, plateado-haired que ahora sería 89 años, ™ t Yamaraj de Nepalâ del € del hadnâ lo hizo señas anterior. Él tenía ese acento típico de Schwyzerdeutsch, y él tuvo gusto de pensar en sus días en Nepal en los años '50 tempranos como sus años que vagaban del ˜ del € del â, ™ del € del â para al igual que el costumbre en Suiza y Alemania, cuando los res del ™ del € del youâ a través con aprender su comercio que usted emprende una maestría que busca del viaje adventurero en tantas ciudades y países como posible antes de usted coloca abajo un cierto lugar. Su esposa pobre tuvo que permanecer en Lenzerheide con los niños.

En el caso de Toni Hagen, sin embargo, él se parecía ser un alma que vagaba, incluso en el invierno de su vida, pasando la mitad de su tiempo en las montan@as suizas y la otra mitad en el Himalaya. Él era uno de los testigos vivos pasados de un Nepal reservado de las edades medias. Él entró en el reino en un momento en que era un  prohibido œ del € del landâ del € del â en los años '50 tempranos. Como el primer extranjero que tenía la libertad de viajar en Nepal como él satisfizo, las áreas visitadas Hagen que todavía se prohíben la mayoría de la gente incluso hoy. La mayoría de los admiradores de Toni Hagen pueden ver su vida y las experiencias en el ˜ del € del â de la película el anillo del ™ del € de Buddha.â es una mezcla del material original a partir de los años '50, transparencias de la película del color de su libro en la geología de Nepal, y el espectador consigue una idea del reino de Nepal y de su gente. Cuando vi la película, tenía la sensación inquieta que él decía adiós a nosotros todos.

Con el paso del tiempo, Toni Hagen cambió su profesión de la geología a desarrollo-trabaja, y él fue referido profundamente sobre los problemas de la ayuda de desarrollo, de sus éxitos y de las faltas no sólo en Nepal pero también en muchos otros países. La gente lo interesó más que las formaciones stratigraphic. En un libro publicado por la UNESCO, ocupándose de los problemas socioeconómicos del ˜ del € del â del ™ del € de Nepalâ él mencionó los proyectos del desarrollo en Nepal y dijo que el ™ ecológico del € del prophesyâ de la catástrofe del ˜ del € del â que él hizo en el ˜ temprano del € del â de los años '50 tiene ™ venido del € del trueâ y hablado el trabajo pionero en el examen geológico de Nepal a partir del 1960 hasta 1970, y escribió sobre su nueva edición del ™ del € de Nepalâ del ˜ del € del â y mencionó orgulloso que era un cuarto ˜ del € del â de la edición sin ningún ™ del € del changesâ, y llamado lo un trabajo estándar sobre Nepal, que es de hecho.

Él tomó el placer en el hecho de que el banco mundial paró el proyecto de Arun III en los gracias de Nepal a sus esfuerzos y el cabildeo unido de parte de la organización ecológica Urgewalt, el Dr. Hermann Warth, y las fracciones políticas ndnis 90 del ¼ del SPD, de BÃ, los verdes y el PDS en influenciar el gobierno alemán, además de la decisión del nuevo presidente James Wolfensohn y la aserción del banco mundial del primer ministro de entonces Adhikary. Después de que la decisión del banco mundial para no financiar el proyecto de la presa, él fuera tomada para dado que 235 millones de marcas del lado alemán serían puestas a un lado para otros proyectos más pequeños. El Arun III fue observado en Alemania como desarrollo-políticas idas haywire.

˜ qué Nepal necesita, ™ del € del â del € del â que él tensionó, el ˜ del € del â no es proyectos del camino-edificio sino ayuda genuina y eficaz en el sector agrícola. Qué Nepal necesita no es plantas atómicas sino ™ del € de water-works.â y él el ™ t del € del wasnâ cansado de mencionar, con un sentido del orgullo, que su rey Birendra de la majestad había leído sus viejos informes y le había pedido su opinión con respecto al desarrollo óptimo del ™ s del € de Nepalâ.

¿el ˜ del € del â es él demasiado atrasado para mi país? el ™ del € del â era la pregunta hecha por rey Birendra, él dijo, y en la misma respiración él expresó su admiración para el rey de Nepalese. Él era de la opinión que la monarquía y la continuidad constitucionales del ˜ del € del â son esenciales para la supervivencia del ™ s del € de Nepalâ, ™ del € del â y elogió las ventajas de la descentralización, que según él, es una característica central de la democracia y es importante para cada caso que implica el planeamiento si las plantas hidroeléctricas o turismo del ™ s del € del itâ. En esos días, la única presión que Nepal tenía mientras que un estado soberano era de la India con respecto a los desacuerdos del comercio y del tránsito. Los tiempos han cambiado y la amenaza es de dentro, bajo la forma de maoists, y no de fuera.

Toni Hagen dicha, desarrollo del ˜ del € del â debe venir del ™ del € de grassroots.â que el alcalde de Sr. de Katmandu le concedió el título de la persona distinguida ˜ del € del â del ™ del € de Katmandu Cityâ en el décimo quinto del junio de 1995. P.L. Singh, que también le presentó una llave a la ciudad. En esta ocasión Toni Hagen fue en expediente como decir el ˜ del € del â a pesar de la falta de algunos políticos y los partidos, la libertad del discurso, la presionar-libertad, el sistema multiparty y el papel de la oposición en el parlamento siguen siendo el rasgo más importante del nuevo sistema en la política de NepaleÂse.

Nepal se puede dividir en siete zonas: el Terai, las colinas de Siwalik, las montañas de Mahabharat (Lekh), el Nepal Midlands, el Himalaya, el Himalaya interno y las montañas marginales tibetanas. Y según Toni Hagen el sistema del río existió antes de que el Himalaya de Nepal entrara en existencia. Los ríos Himalayan tallaron los gorges gigantescos. Según él sería apropiado si los Midlands no fueron no hechos caso hoy. Casi lamentably él dijo que no existió el urwald del terai, bosque primitivo, más y habló del banco mundial y del proyecto del ™ s del € del governmentâ de Nepalese de la gente que colocaba de las colinas al terai.

Del terai a las colinas usted tiene en la orden ascendente del cultivo: arroz, trigo, maíz, mijo, patatas y prado. El trigo es una cosecha relativamente nueva en Nepal. Él encontró la revolución verde suave en la recepción de Katmandu, pero al mismo tiempo él señaló al hecho de que la población se había levantado en la década pasada en un tempo alarmante, y lo había llamado ™ y malo del € del schlimmâ del ˜ del € del â bastante. Nepal, con respecto a otros países asiáticos, tiene cinco personas por el hectre del ™ del € del landâ, él dijo y el ˜ del € del â posee la concentración más grande del ™ del € del densityâ de la población.

Y entonces él comenzó a hablar de la erosión del suelo. Del terai en el gangetic-nivel hasta que una altura de el 1800m usted tiene terrazas del arroz y allí de los hasta 3000m usted tiene el KampfÂzone (batalla-zona) para la existencia y sobre ése usted tiene, hasta una elevación de los 3500m, los bosques con el aumento de la erosión y entonces los prados en las regiones de Himalaya. Él precisó que las terrazas escarpadas dieron lugar a la erosión del suelo causada por los seres humanos. La producción por hectre había estado disminuyendo y la tierra para la cultivación también había estado disminuyendo.

Por lo que el terai, su pronóstico era que produciría el alimento de sobra por una década, y mencionó que la mayor parte de el alimento fue a la India, porque los comerciantes en los llanos ofrecieron precios mejores y la infraestructura de transporte estaban ya allí en la forma de buenos ferrocarriles y caminos.

En el terai el agua subterránea se puede alcanzar en una profundidad de 2 metros. El terai, con su suelo aluvial rico, se podía desarrollar en el maíz-compartimiento de Nepal, como el Punjab en la India. Y Nepal no debe exportar su arroz a la India sino mantenerlo para las demandas domésticas el reino. Él sacudarió su cabeza y dijo, el ™ s del € de Itâ del ˜ del € del â fácil, pero él función del ™ t del € del doesnâ. ¿Podemos tener un exceso en el momento pero la pregunta es si podemos continuar esta producción o no? el ™ del € del â que

los granjeros deben ser ayudados era su discusión. Toni Hagen admitió que él el ™ t del € del didnâ tiene una receta de la patente para los problemas de Nepal. Habían no hecho caso a los granjeros en Nepal según Toni Hagen (no tan en Taiwán y Niger). Él se quejó de que la ayuda exterior hasta que 1976 invirtieron el dinero sobre todo en proyectos de la camino-construcción que era un error grave, porque él aspiraron encima de las reservas pasadas de Nepal.

Nepal es como un paciente muy enfermo. Las agencias multilateral y bilaterales de la ayuda en el nivel gubernamental y no gubernamental han inyectado efectivo y el material extranjeros en Nepal, y el resultado es que se ha debilitado la estructura muy económica. Una suma de los E.E.U.U. 552.8 millones fue transferida a Nepal sin ningunos cambios visibles en la estructura económica del país y ha creado una ayuda-industria en la cual los intermediarios corruptos ganan una buena vida. Las masas del ™ s del € del countryâ sufren stoically, como han hecho a través de los siglos en las manos de otras reglas. Chakari, el nepotismo y la corrupción son tan desenfrenados justo en la era poste-democrática como en el pasado.

Debe ser observado, él dijo, que sobre el 90% de Nepalese la población vive en agricultura. La primera prioridad fue dada al transporte, entonces agricultura y pasado energía. El contrario habría sido mejor en el duradero.

Él sostuvo un dedo pedagógico y recordado un Nepal es un país con el potencial hidroeléctrico más grande del mundo. el ˜ del € del â incluso mueve hacia atrás en los años '50 que sugerí al gobierno para desarrollar energía. Algunos funcionarios lo miraron como ˜ del € del â al revés en su pensamiento, ™ del € del â y según él el exÂchange extranjero fue perdido en proyectos termales inútiles de la energía.

Mientras que la población de Nepal en 1950 era 8 millones, en 1988 era 17.5 millones. Hoy ™ s del € del itâ 27 millones. Y mientras que la esperanza de vida mala en 1950 era 26 años, un Nepalese ahora puede vivir para ser 40 a 50 años si no más. La malaria era desenfrenada en 1950 con 3 millones de casos, y en los años ochenta que la malaria, que fue pensada para haber sido suprimida, ha hecho una reaparición porque los mosquitos del ˜ del € del â son ™ del € del immuneâ. Mientras que había 2.5 millones de animales domésticos en 1962, hay sobre 3.2 millones actualmente. Y mientras que había 6.4 millones de hectáreas del bosque en 1950, fue reducido a la mitad, a saber 3.2 hectáreas en 1982. Y mientras que el analfabetismo en 1950 era el 98%, antes de 1976 casi 77% de los muchachos (y de las muchachas del 25%) había pasado a través de escuela primaria obligatoria. Y en cuanto a los aspectos médicos, los 50% más doctores de Nepalese se concentran en el valle de Katmandu que en cualquier otro lugar en el reino. Debido a la guerra entre los Maoists y las tropas del gobierno y el policía ha habido una declinación constante (el 38%) en el turista desde 1998. Y más de 13 000 Nepalese han muerto en la lucha para la energía. Esto habría aparecido como una pesadilla a Toni Hagen, que tenía otro cuadro de Nepal en su ” del € del mindâ corrupto, solamente pacífico y tolerante. Vive y dejó vivo era la filosofía de la vida. Hoy el ™ s del € del itâ vivo y dejó el dado.

El índice de la gente que dejaba las áreas rurales era el 3% de 1951 con respecto al 12% de 1982. Las figuras y las perspectivas de la producción vegetal según la mirada experta suiza melancólica con un déficit en el año 2000, comenzando ya en el temprano con una tendencia a baja.

A una pregunta sobre el camino suizo en Jiri, que había sido elogiado en la TV alemana como obra maestra ecológica y técnica, él dijo: ™ s del € de Itâ del ˜ del € del â bien hecho, pero puesto incorrecto (falsch Angelegt). Ni él tenía palabras de la alabanza para el camino de la Nepal-India, ni para la carretera de Katmandu-Lhasa, que eran grandes hazañas de la ingeniería. El Tribhuvan Rajpath que conectaba Nepal con la India (construida en 1956) era muy malo debido a la erosión a lo largo de los lados del camino. Él lo llamó un ˜ del € del ⠙ terrible del € del constructionâ. El camino está mientras tanto abierto para el tráfico.

˜ del € del â en el ™ s del € del thereâ de la ayuda de desarrollo siempre una inversión incorrecta. Los ayuda-donantes desearon hacer demasiado en Nepal. Ése era el ™ del € del problemâ, dice a Toni Hagen.

Sobre la 11ma del abril de 1996 había una conferencia de dos días en París, la primera del ™ del € de Groupâ de la ayuda de Nepal del ˜ del € del â de su clase desde 1992. Las 13 naciones dispensadoras de aceite que participaban eran: Canadá, Dinamarca, Finlandia, Francia, Alemania, Italia, Japón, Holanda, Noruega, el desarrollo Saudi encariñado, Suiza, Reino Unido, los E.E.U.U., además de varias organizaciones de las finanzas internacionales. La cumbre concedida para la ayuda 1996-97 del período digno de US$ 993 millones a Nepal.

El Dr. de entonces del Ministro de Hacienda de Nepalese. Pegaron Sharan Mahat dicho, ˜ del € del â que la reunión en París ha probado que las donante-naciones demuestran una actitud cooperativa hacia Nepal. Los puntos principales de que se quejaron estos países estaban alrededor: la fijación constante de los empleados de gobierno, su moral que se hunde y retrasa en la fijación y las transferencias de los funcionarios contratados a los trabajos de desarrollo. Los ayuda-donantes sugirieron que los precios del servicio público fueran orientados a los costes reales y acentuaron la necesidad de controlar el ™ desenfrenado del € del corruptionâ.

Otra tendencia actual en ayuda de desarrollo de Europa es esta ayuda del ˜ del € del â al ™ del € del Uno mismo-Helpâ especiÂally de los alemanes. En Nepal 1995 recibido 29.3 millones de marcas alemanas para los proyectos y los programas de la cooperación financiera y técnica (FZ y TZ). La cooperación financiera implica el familia-planeamiento, una infraestructura del camino y los biogas proyectan.

Toni Hagen dicha, ˜ del € del â el Nepalese, por ejemplo, debe plantar árboles y el cuidado para ellos por cinco años. Los proyectos integrales serían buenos para el ™ del € de Nepalâ y se encendieron hablar de proyectos grandes con el lema: ˜ del € del â ningún dinero, ningún ™ del € del waterâ en otros países. Las organizaciones grandes de países ricos tienen porciones de dinero para los proyectos del desarrollo pero cómo el dinero fue invertido eran otra materia. En su libro en problemas del desarrollo él analizaba 230 proyectos del desarrollo, y según él en áreas rurales solamente los proyectos pequeños tienen una ocasión de sobrevivir.

Él cotizó a aldeano que dicho, el ˜ del € del â mi aldea tiene tan muchos sobrevividos ™ del € del projectsâ del desarrollo. ¿Hace bueno traer las aldeas en países en vías de desarrollo a los niveles modernos?

Incluso las aldeas suizas han entrado en ser con procesos laboriosos de los períodos del excedente del desarrollo de largo de la historia. Nepal está intentando coger para arriba con el mundo desarrollado dentro de algunas décadas. ™ s del € de Thereâ también la cuestión de la pérdida de identidad debido a la ayuda de desarrollo. El mundo del ™ s del € de Toni Hagenâ existió durante los días Hippie-felices y de la Flor-energía, porque no había muestras de maoists militantes en esos días. Recuerdo a visitante de Inglaterra, que viajaba con su side-kick de la India del sur, que dicho, ˜ del € del â en los niños de Nepal incluso puedo caminar alrededor del campo sin miedo de ser molestado o el ser secuestrado. El Nepalese es un ™ tan maravilloso del € de people.â hoy, los padres pensaría dos veces antes de que dejen a sus niños vagar alrededor en Nepal.

Durante mis tri días de la universidad de Chandra, los estudiantes comunistas vinieron de Doti, de Silgadi y de Dharan e hicieron que los apilados de literatura fueran encerrados por Kim Il cantado, Lenin, Marx y los libros rojos del ™ s del € de Maoâ, todo hicieron disponible por los centros culturales respectivos de estos países comunistas en Katmandu. Nadie levantó una ceja, porque estos libros eran cada disponible, incluso en las tiendas de Sajha de Katmandu y a otra parte. Los maoists se han separado hoy de Rukum y del oeste lejano pero también en Katmandu. Una madre de trabajo educada de Katmandu, con un PhD de Alemania, me escribió recientemente, ˜ del € del â se imagina cómo es la vida en Katmandu, debido a los políticos corruptos. Ahora hay los bloqueos de la calle, bloqueos realmente económicos alrededor de Katmandu impuesta por los Maoists, el mercado-precio de las materias del alimento tiene colmo bonito ido. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander, Togetherness, una nazione, un mondo
Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo
™ s del € di Letâ in tensione insieme, malgrado le differenze (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

ho venuto a contatto di Toni Hagen le età fa in Freiburg dove il ™ d del € del heâ viene dare un parl Nepal e devo dire che ha fatto una buona impressione allegra. Come Freiburger long-time, sono andato con lui ad una locanda locale vicino allo Schwabentor per uno swig di birra tedesca. il ve del ™ del € di Iâ del ˜ del € del â ha viaggiato 14.000 chilometri a piedi nel € Toni detto ™ Hagen, un Svizzero-geologo morbido-parlato e argenteo-haired che ora sarebbe di 89 anni, il ™ la t Yamaraj di Nepalâ del € del hadnâ beckoned lui più presto. Ha avuto quell'accento tipico di Schwyzerdeutsch ed ha gradito pensare ai suoi giorni nel Nepal negli anni '50 in anticipo come suoi anni erranti del ˜ del € del â, ™ del € del â per come è l'abitudine in Svizzera ed in Germania, quando Re del ™ del € del youâ attraverso con imparare il vostro commercio che intraprendete una perizia di ricerca di viaggio avventuroso in altretanti città e paesi come possibile prima di voi depositate giù un certo posto. La sua povera moglie ha dovuto rimanere in Lenzerheide con i bambini.

Nel caso di Toni Hagen, tuttavia, ha sembrato essere un'anima errante, anche nell'inverno della sua vita, spendente la metà del suo tempo nelle alpi svizzere e l'altra metà in Himalaya. Era uno di ultimi testimoni viventi del Nepal secretivo di Medio Evo. Ha entrato nel regno in un momento in cui era un  del € del landâ proibito a œ del € del â negli anni '50 in anticipo. Come il primo straniero che ha avuto la libertà di viaggiare nel Nepal come soddisfaceva, zone visitate Hagen che ancora sono proibite a la maggior parte della gente persino oggi. La maggior parte dei ammiratori del Toni Hagen possono osservare la sua vita ed esperienze di ˜ del € del â della pellicola l'anello del ™ del € di Buddha.â è un melange del materiale originale dagli anni '50, acetati della pellicola di colore dal suo libro sulla geologia del Nepal ed il visore ottiene un'idea del regno del Nepal e della relativa gente. Quando ho visto la pellicola, ho avuto la sensibilità uneasy che stava dicendo arrivederci a noi tutti.

Col passar del tempo, Toni Hagen ha cambiato la sua professione dalla geologia a sviluppo-funziona e profondamente è stato interessato circa i problemi dell'aiuto per lo sviluppo, dei relativi successi e dei guasti non solo nel Nepal ma anche in molti altri paesi. La gente lo ha interessato più delle formazioni stratigraphic. In un libro pubblicato dall'Unesco, riguardo ai problemi socio-economici del ˜ del € del â del ™ del € di Nepalâ ha accennato i progetti di sviluppo nel Nepal ed ha detto che il ™ ecologico del € del prophesyâ di catastrofe del ˜ del € del â che ha fatto nel ˜ in anticipo del € del â di anni '50 ha ™ venuto del € del trueâ e parlato del lavoro pionieristico nell'indagine geologica del Nepal da 1960 lavorare a 1970 ed ha scritto circa la sua nuova edizione del ™ del € di Nepalâ del ˜ del € del â e fiero ha accennato che era un ˜ del € del â dell'edizione di quarto senza alcun ™ del € del changesâ e denominato esso un lavoro standard sul Nepal, che effettivamente è.

Ha preso il piacere nel fatto che la banca del mondo ha arrestato il progetto Arun III in grazie del Nepal ai suoi sforzi e l'incitamento unito da parte dell'organizzazione ecologica Urgewalt, il Dott. Hermann Warth e le frazioni politiche ndnis 90 dal ¼ di BÃ, di SPD, i verdi ed il PDS nell'influenza del governo tedesco, oltre che la decisione di nuovo presidente di banca del mondo James Wolfensohn e l'asserzione del ministro principale di allora Adhikary. Dopo che la decisione della banca del mondo per non finanziare il progetto della diga, esso sia presa per ammesso che i 235 milione contrassegni dal lato tedesco fossero messi per altri più piccoli progetti. Il Arun III è stato osservato in Germania come sviluppo-politiche andate haywire.

˜ il che Nepal ha bisogno di, ™ che del € del â del € del â ha sollecitato, il ˜ del € del â non è i progetti della strada-costruzione ma aiuto genuino ed efficace nel settore agricolo. Il che Nepal ha bisogno di non è piante atomiche ma ™ del € di water-works.â e lui ™ t del € del wasnâ stanco di accennare, con un senso di orgoglio, che il suo re Birendra del Majesty aveva letto i suoi vecchi rapporti e gli aveva chiesto il suo parere per quanto riguarda sviluppo ottimale del ™ s del € di Nepalâ.

il ˜ del € del â è esso troppo ritardato per il mio paese? il ™ del € del â era la domanda fatta dal re Birendra, egli disse, e nello stesso alito ha espresso la sua ammirazione per il re di Nepalese. Era dell'opinione che il monarchy e la continuità costituzionali del ˜ del € del â sono essenziali per la sopravvivenza del ™ s del € di Nepalâ, ™ del € del â ed ha elogiato i vantaggi della decentralizzazione, che secondo lui, è una caratteristica centrale della democrazia ed è importante per ogni caso che coinvolge la progettazione se piante idroelettriche o turismo del ™ s del € del itâ. In quei giorni, l'unica pressione che il Nepal ha avuto come un sovrano dichiara proveniva dall'India in relazione ai disaccordi di transito e di commercio. I tempi sono cambiato e la minaccia proviene da dentro, sotto forma d'i maoists e non da senza.

Toni Hagen detta, sviluppo del ˜ del € del â deve venire dal ™ che del € di grassroots.â ha ricevuto il titolo della persona distinta ˜ del € del â del ™ del € de Kathmandu Cityâ sul quindicesimo del giugno 1995 dal sindaco del sig. de Kathmandu. P.L. Singh, che inoltre gli ha presentato una chiave alla città. In questa occasione Toni Hagen è andato sull'annotazione come dire il ˜ del € del â malgrado il guasto di alcuni politici ed i partiti, la libertà di discorso, la prem-libertà, il sistema multiparty ed il ruolo dell'opposizione nel Parlamento rimangono la caratteristica più importante di nuovo sistema nella politica di NepaleÂse.

Il Nepal può essere diviso in sette zone: il Terai, le colline di Siwalik, le montagne di Mahabharat (Lekh), il Nepal Midlands, l'Himalaya, l'Himalaya interna e le montagne marginali tibetane. E secondo Toni Hagen il sistema del fiume ha esistito prima che l'Himalaya del Nepal entrasse nell'esistenza. I fiumi Himalayan hanno intagliato i gorges giganteschi. Secondo lui sarebbe adatto se le Midlands non fossero ignorate oggi. Quasi lamentably ha detto che il urwald di terai, foresta primeval, non ha esistito più ed ha parlato della banca del mondo e del progetto del ™ s del € del governmentâ di Nepalese della gente di sedimentazione dalle colline al terai.

Dal terai alle colline avete per ascendente coltivazione: riso, frumento, mais, miglio, patate e pascolo. Il frumento è il raccolto relativamente nuovo nel Nepal. Ha trovato la rivoluzione verde morbida nel benvenuto de Kathmandu, ma allo stesso tempo ha indicato al fatto che la popolazione era aumentato nell'ultima decade ad un tempo alarming e lo aveva denominato ™ e Male del € dello schlimmâ del ˜ del € del â abbastanza. Il Nepal, rispetto ad altri paesi asiatici, ha cinque persone per hectre del ™ del € del landâ, ha detto e il ˜ del € del â possiede la concentrazione più grande del ™ del € del densityâ della popolazione.

Ed allora ha cominciato parlare dell'erosione del terreno. Dal terai al gangetic-livello fino ad un'altezza di 1800m avete terrazzi del riso e là da fino a 3000m avete il KampfÂzone (battaglia-zona) per l'esistenza e sopra quello avete, lavorare ad un'altezza di 3500m, foreste con l'aumento di erosione ed allora pascoli nelle regioni dell'Himalaya. Ha precisato che i terrazzi ripidi hanno provocato l'erosione del terreno causata dagli esseri umani. Il rendimento per hectre stava diminuendo e la terra per coltura inoltre stava diminuendo.

Per quanto il terai, la sua prognosi era che produrrebbe l'alimento surplus per una decade ed ha accennato che la maggior parte dell'alimento sono andato in India, perché i commercianti nelle pianure hanno offerto i prezzi migliori e l'infrastruttura di trasporto erano già là nella forma di buone ferrovie e strade.

Nel terai l'acqua sotterranea può essere raggiunta ad una profondità di 2 tester. Il terai, con il relativo terreno alluvionale ricco, ha potuto essere sviluppato nell'cereale-alloggiamento del Nepal, tanto come il Punjab in India. Ed il Nepal non dovrebbe esportare il relativo riso in India ma mantenerlo per le domande delle famiglie nel regno. Ha agitato la sua testa ed ha detto, ™ s del € di Itâ del ˜ del € del â facile, ma esso funzione del ™ t del € del doesnâ. Possiamo avere un'eccedenza al momento ma la domanda è se possiamo continuare questa produzione oppure no? il ™ che del € del â

i coltivatori devono essere aiutati era la sua discussione. Toni Hagen ha ammesso che ™ t del € del didnâ ha una ricetta di brevetto per i problemi del Nepal. I coltivatori erano stati ignorati nel Nepal secondo Toni Hagen (non così Taiwan e nel Niger). Ha protestato che il sussidio straniero fino a che 1976 non investissero i soldi principalmente nei progetti della strada-costruzione che fossero un errore grave, dato che esso ha succhiato sulle ultime riserve del Nepal.

Il Nepal è come un paziente molto ammalato. Le agenzie multilaterali e bilaterali del sussidio al livello governativo e non governativo hanno iniettato i contanti ed il materiale stranieri in Nepal ed il risultato è che la struttura molto economica è stata indebolita. Una somma degli Stati Uniti 552.8 milioni è stata trasferita nel Nepal senza alcuni cambiamenti visibili nella struttura economica del paese ed ha generato un'sussidio-industria in cui gli intermediari corrotti guadagnano una buona vita. Le masse del ™ s del € del countryâ soffrono stoically, come hanno fatto durante i secoli alle mani di altri righelli. Chakari, il nepotismo e la corruzione sono sfrenato altrettanto nell'era alberino-democratica quanto nel passato.

Deve essere notato, egli disse, che superiore a 90% di Nepalese la popolazione vive sull'agricoltura. La prima priorità è stata data a trasporto, allora l'agricoltura ed infine energia. Il contrario sarebbe stato migliore sul di lunga durata.

Ha tenuto una barretta pedagogica e ricordato a l'un Nepal è un paese con il potenziale idroelettrico più grande nel mondo. il ˜ del € del â anche sostiene negli anni '50 che ho suggerito al governo per sviluppare l'energia. Alcuni funzionari lo hanno considerare come il ˜ del € del â indietro nel suo pensare, ™ del € del â e secondo lui il exÂchange straniero è stato sprecato sui progetti termici inutili di energia.

Considerando che la popolazione del Nepal in 1950 era 8 milioni, in 1988 era 17.5 milioni. Oggi ™ s del € del itâ 27 milioni. E mentre la speranza di vita media in 1950 era di 26 anni, un Nepalese ora può vivere per avere 40 - 50 anni se non più. La malaria era sfrenata in 1950 con 3 milione casi e negli anni '80 che la malaria, che si è pensata per essere sradicata, ha fatto un comeback perché le zanzare del ˜ del € del â sono ™ del € del immuneâ. Considerando che ci erano 2.5 milione animali domestici in 1962, ci è oltre 3.2 milioni attualmente. E mentre ci erano 6.4 milione ettari della foresta in 1950, è stato ridotto alla metà, vale a dire 3.2 ettari in 1982. E mentre l'analfabetismo in 1950 era 98%, da 1976 quasi 77% dei ragazzi (e delle ragazze di 25%) aveva passato attraverso la scuola primaria obbligatoria. E per quanto riguarda le funzioni mediche, 50% nuovi medici di Nepalese sono concentrati in valle de Kathmandu che in qualsiasi altro luogo nel regno. dovuto la guerra fra i Maoists e le truppe di governo e la polizia ci è stato un declino costante (38%) nel turista dal 1998. E più di 13 000 Nepalese sono morto nella lotta per alimentazione. Ciò sarebbe comparso come un incubo a Toni Hagen, che ha avuto altra immagine del Nepal nel suo ” del € del mindâ corrotto, ma pacifico e tollerante. Vive e lasciato in tensione era la filosofia di vita. Oggi il ™ s del € del itâ in tensione ed ha lasciato il dado.

Il tasso della gente che lascia le zone rurali era 3% di 1951 rispetto a 12% di 1982. Οι αριθμοί παραγωγής συγκομιδών και οι προοπτικές σύμφωνα με τον ελβετικό εμπειρογνώμονα φαίνονται θλιβεροί με ένα έλλειμμα στο έτος 2000, που αρχίζει ήδη στον πρόωρο με μια προς τα κάτω τάση.

Ad una domanda circa la strada svizzera in Jiri, che era stato elogiato in TV tedesca come masterpiece ecologico e tecnico, ha detto: ™ s del € di Itâ del ˜ del € del â sviluppato bene, ma posto scorrettamente (falsch Angelegt). Nè ha avuto parole di elogio per la strada dell'Nepal-India, nè per la strada principale deKathmandu-Lhasa, che erano abilità grandi di ingegneria. Il Tribhuvan Rajpath che collega il Nepal con l'India (costruita in 1956) era molto difettoso a causa di erosione lungo i lati della strada. Lo ha denominato un ˜ del € del ⠙ terribile del € del constructionâ. Nel frattempo la strada è aperta per traffico.

˜ del € del â nel ™ s del € del thereâ dell'aiuto per lo sviluppo sempre un investimento errato. I sussidio-donatori hanno desiderato fare troppo nel Nepal. Quello era il ™ del € del problemâ, ad esempio Toni Hagen.

Sull'undicesimo dell'aprile 1996 ci era un congresso di due giorni a Parigi, il primo del ™ del € di Groupâ del sussidio del Nepal del ˜ del € del â del relativo genere dal 1992. Le 13 nazioni erogarici di partecipazione erano: Il Canada, Danimarca, Finlandia, Francia, Germania, Italia, Giappone, Olanda, Norvegia, lo sviluppo saudito affettuoso, Svizzera, Regno Unito, S.U.A., oltre che le varie organizzazioni di finanza internazionale. La sommità assegnata per l'assistenza 1996-97 di periodo degno US$ 993 milioni nel Nepal.

Dott. di allora del ministro di finanza di Nepalese. Piantano Sharan Mahat detto, ˜ che del € del â la riunione a Parigi ha dimostrato che le donatore-nazioni mostrano un atteggiamento cooperativo nei confronti del Nepal. I punti principali che questi paesi hanno protestato circa erano: l'invio costante degli impiegati di governo, il loro morale d'abbassamento e fa ritardare nell'invio e nei trasferimenti dei funzionari agganciati nei lavori di sviluppo. I sussidio-donatori hanno suggerito che i prezzi del servizio pubblico dovrebbero essere orientati verso i costi reali ed hanno dato risalto alla necessità di controllo del ™ sfrenato del € del corruptionâ.

Un'altra tendenza corrente nell'aiuto per lo sviluppo da Europa è questo aiuto del ˜ del € del â al ™ del € di Auto-Helpâ especiÂally dai tedeschi. Nel Nepal 1995 ricevuto 29.3 milione contrassegni tedeschi per i progetti ed i programmi di cooperazione finanziaria e tecnica (FZ & TZ). La cooperazione finanziaria coinvolge la famiglia-progettazione, un'infrastruttura della strada e i biogas si proiettano.

Toni Hagen ha detto, ˜ del € del â il Nepalese, per esempio, dovrebbe piantare loro gli alberi e la cura per per cinque anni. I progetti integrali sarebbero buoni per il ™ del € di Nepalâ ed hanno continuato a parlare dei progetti grandi con il motto: ˜ del € del â nessun soldi, nessun ™ del € del waterâ in altri paesi. Le organizzazioni grandi dei paesi ricchi hanno lotti di soldi per i progetti di sviluppo ma come i soldi sono stati investiti erano un'altra materia. In suo libro sui problemi di sviluppo ha analizzato i 230 progetti di sviluppo e secondo lui nelle zone rurali soltanto piccoli i progetti hanno una probabilità sopravvivere.

Ha citato il villager che detto, il ˜ del € del â il mio villaggio ha tanti superstiti ™ del € del projectsâ di sviluppo. Fa buon portare i villaggi in p#si in via di sviluppo ai livelli moderni?

Anche i villaggi svizzeri hanno prodotto lungamente con i processi laboriosi dei periodi dell'eccedenza di sviluppo di storia. Il Nepal sta provando a aggiornare con il mondo sviluppato in alcune decadi. ™ s del € di Thereâ anche la domanda di perdita dell'identità dovuto l'aiuto per lo sviluppo. Il mondo del ™ s del € del Toni Hagenâ ha esistito durante i giorni di Fiore-alimentazione e Hippie-felici, dato che non ci erano segni dei maoists del militante in quei giorni. Mi ricordo di un ospite dall'Inghilterra, che stava viaggiando con il suo side-kick dall'India del sud, che detto, ˜ del € del â nei bambini del Nepal persino posso camminare intorno alla campagna senza timore di essere molestato o rapito. Il Nepalese è oggi così ™ meraviglioso del € di people.â, i genitori penserebbe due volte prima che lascino i loro bambini vagare circa nel Nepal.

Durante i miei giorni tri dell'università di Chandra, gli allievi comunisti sono venuto da Doti, da Silgadi e da Dharan ed hanno fatti rinchiudere le pile di letteratura da Kim Il cantato, Lenin, Marx ed i libri rossi del ™ s del € di Maoâ, interamente hanno reso disponibile dai centri culturali rispettivi di questi paesi comunisti a Kathmandu. Nessuno ha alzato un sopracciglio, dato che questi libri erano ogni disponibile, anche ai negozi di Sajha di Kathmandu ed altrove. Oggi i maoists si sono sparsi da Rukum e dall'estremo ovest ma anche a Kathmandu. Una madre lavorante istruita da Kathmandu, con un PhD dalla Germania, ha scritto recentemente me, ˜ del € del â immagina come la vita a Kathmandu è, dovuto i politici corrotti. Ora ci sono blocchi della via, blocchi realmente economici intorno a Kathmandu imposta dai Maoists, il mercato-prezzo dei prodotti dell'alimento hanno high grazioso andato. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander, Zusammengehörigkeit, eine Nation, eine Welt
Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo
Vor das Let⠀ ™ s, das zusammen, trotz der Unterschiede (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

Phasen ist traf ich, Toni Hagen Alter in Freiburg, wohin he⠀ ™ d kommen, sprechen Nepal zu geben, und ich muß sagen, daß er einen lustigen guten Eindruck bildete. Als langfristiges Freiburger ging ich mit ihm zu einem lokalen Tavern nahe dem Schwabentor für einen Schluck des deutschen Bieres. ⠀ ˜ I⠀ ™ ve reiste 14.000 Kilometer auf Fuß im Nepal⠀ ™ besagter Toni Hagen, ein weich-gesprochener, silbrig-behaarter Schweizer-Geologe, der 89 Jahre jetzt sein würde, hadn⠀ ™ t Yamaraj zuwinkte ihm früh. Er hatte diesen typischen Schwyzerdeutsch Akzent, und er mochte an seine Tage in Nepal in den frühen fünfziger Jahren als seine ⠀ ˜ wandering Jahre denken, ⠀ ™ für, wie die Gewohnheit in der Schweiz und in Deutschland, wenn you⠀ ™ Re durch mit dem Lernen Ihres Handels, den, Sie nach einer suchenden Sachkenntnis der abenteuerlichen Reise in da vielen Städte und in Ländern, wie möglich vor Ihnen, sich einschiffen vereinbaren unten irgendeinen Platz. Seine arme Frau mußte in Lenzerheide mit den Kindern bleiben.

Im Falle Toni Hagen jedoch schien er, eine wandering Seele, sogar im Winter seines Lebens zu sein und wendete Hälfte seiner Zeit in den schweizer Alpen und die andere Hälfte im Himalaja auf. Er war einer der letzten lebenden Zeugen von einem verschwiegenen Nepal des mittleren Alters. Er betrat das Königreich, zu einer Zeit als es ein ⠀ œ verbotenes land⠀  in den frühen fünfziger Jahren war. Als der erste Ausländer, der hatte, die Freiheit des Reisens in Nepal als gefiel er, Hagen besuchte Bereiche, denen noch die meisten Leute sogar heute verboten sind. Die meisten Toni Hagen Bewunderer können sein Leben ansehen und Erfahrungen im Film ⠀ ˜ der Ring von Buddha.⠀ ™ ist es ein Gemisch des ursprünglichen Filmmaterials von den fünfziger Jahren, Farbe Transparente von seinem Buch auf der Geologie von Nepal, und der Projektor erhält eine Idee des Königreiches von Nepal und von seinen Völkern. Als ich den Film sah, hatte ich das unbehagliche Gefühl, das er Auf Wiedersehen zu uns alle sagte.

Im Laufe der Zeit änderte Toni Hagen seinen Beruf von der Geologie zu Entwicklung-arbeiten, und er wurde tief über die Probleme Entwicklungshilfe, seinen Erfolgen und Ausfällen nicht nur in Nepal aber auch in vielen anderen Ländern betroffen. Die Leute interessierten ihn mehr als die stratigraphic Anordnungen. In einem Buch, das von der UNESCO, beschäftigend die ⠀ ˜ sozioökonomischen Probleme Nepal⠀ ™ erwähnte er veröffentlicht wurde, die Entwicklung Projekte in Nepal und sagte, daß das ⠀ ˜ ökologische Katastrophe prophesy⠀ ™, das er im frühen fünfziger Jahre ⠀ ˜ bildete, gekommenes true⠀ ™ hat und über die Pionierarbeit in der geologischen übersicht von Nepal von 1960 bis 1970 spricht, und schrieb über seine Neuauflage von ⠀ ˜ Nepal⠀ ™ und erwähnte stolz, daß es ein viertes Ausgabe ⠀ ˜ ohne irgendein changes⠀ ™ war, und es genannt eine Standardarbeit über Nepal, die in der Tat sie ist.

Er nahm Freude in der Tatsache, daß die Weltbank das Arun III Projekt in den Nepal dank seine Bemühungen und das vereinigte Beeinflussen von seiten der ökologischen Organisation Urgewalt stoppte, Dr. Hermann Warth und die politischen Brüche vom SPD, BÃ ¼ ndnis 90, die Grüns und der PDS, wenn die deutsche Regierung, zusätzlich zur Entscheidung des neuen Weltbankpräsidenten James Wolfensohn und die Behauptung vom damaligen Premierminister Adhikary beeinflußt wird. Nachdem die Weltbankentscheidung, zum des Verdammung Projektes, es nicht zu finanzieren für getroffen wurde, vorausgesetzt daß die 235 Million Markierungen von der deutschen Seite für andere kleinere Projekte beiseite gesetzt würden. Das Arun III wurde in Deutschland als Entwicklungpolitiken beobachtet, die durchgedreht gegangen wurden.

⠀ ˜ welches Nepal benötigt, ⠀ ™, das er betonte, ist ⠀ ˜ nicht Straßegebäude Projekte aber echte und wirkungsvolle Hilfe im landwirtschaftlichen Sektor. Welches Nepal sind nicht Atombetriebe aber water-works.⠀ ™ benötigt und er das wasn⠀ ™ t ermüdet vom Erwähnen, mit einer Richtung des Stolzes, daß sein Majestät-König Birendra hatte seine alten Reports gelesen und hatte ihn um seine Meinung betreffend ist Nepal⠀ ™ s optimale Entwicklung gebeten.

⠀ ˜ ist es zu spät für mein Land? ⠀ ™ war die Frage, die, sagte er, vom König Birendra gestellt wurde und im gleichen Atem drückte er seine Bewunderung für den Nepalese König aus. Er war der Meinung, daß â € ˜ konstitutionelle Monarchie und Durchgang für Nepal⠀ ™ s überleben wesentlich sind, ⠀ ™ und pries die Vorteile der Dezentralisierung, die entsprechend ihm, eine zentrale Eigenschaft der Demokratie ist und für jeden Fall wichtig ist, der Planung ob it⠀ ™ s hydroelektrische Betriebe oder Tourismus mit einbezieht. An jenen Tagen der einzige Druck, den Nepal hatte, während ein souveräner Zustand aus Indien in Zusammenhang mit den Handel und Durchfahrtwidersprüchen kam. Die Zeiten haben geändert und die Drohung ist von innen, in Form von Maoisten und nicht von außen.

Toni gesagtes Hagen, ⠀ ˜ Entwicklung muß vom grassroots.⠀ ™ kommen, das ihm der Titel ⠀ ˜ unterschiedener Person von Katmandu City⠀ ™ auf 15. von Juni 1995 vom Bürgermeister des Katmandu Herrn zugesprochen wurde. P.L. Singh, das ihm einen Schlüssel auch der Stadt darstellte. Bei dieser Gelegenheit Toni ging Hagen auf Aufzeichnung als Sagen von ⠀ ˜ trotz des Ausfalls einiger Politiker und Parteien, Freiheit der Rede, Betätigenfreiheit, multiparty System und die Rolle der Opposition im Parlament bleiben das wichtigste Merkmal des neuen Systems in der NepaleÂse Politik.

Nepal kann in sieben Zonen geteilt werden: das Terai, die Siwalik Hügel, die Mahabharat Berge (Lekh), das Nepal Midlands, der Himalaja, der innere Himalaja und die tibetanischen begrenzten Berge. Und entsprechend Toni Hagen bestand das Flußsystem, bevor der Nepal Himalaja Bestehen erbte. Die Himalajaflüsse schnitzten gigantische Schluchten. Entsprechend ihm würde es angebracht sein, wenn die Midlands nicht heute ignoriert wurden. Fast lamentably sagte er, daß das terai urwald, Urwald, nicht mehr bestand und sprach die Weltbank und über das Nepalese government⠀ ™ s Projekt der vereinbarenden Leute von den Hügeln zum terai.

Vom terai zu den Hügeln haben Sie in aufsteigender Sequenz der Getreidebearbeitung: Reis, Weizen, Mais, Hirse, Kartoffeln und Wiese. Weizen ist ein verhältnismäßig neues Getreide in Nepal. Er fand die weiche grüne Revolution im Katmandu Willkommen, aber gleichzeitig zeigte er auf die Tatsache, daß die Bevölkerung in die letzte Dekade an einem alarmierenden Tempo gestiegen und es ⠀ ˜ schlimm⠀ ™ und Schlechtes genug genannt war. Nepal, im Vergleich zu anderen asiatischen Ländern, hat fünf Personen pro hectre von land⠀ ™, sagte er und ⠀ ˜ besitzt die größte Konzentration von Bevölkerung density⠀ ™.

Und dann begann er, über die Bodenabnutzung zu sprechen. Vom terai auf dem Gangeticniveau bis zu einer Höhe von 1800m haben Sie Reisterrassen und von dort bis 3000m haben Sie das KampfÂzone (Schlachtzone) für Bestehen und über dem haben Sie, bis einen Aufzug von 3500m, Wälder bei Zunahme der Abnutzung und dann Wiesen in den Himalaja Regionen. Er unterstrich, daß die steilen Terrassen die Bodenabnutzung ergaben, die durch Menschen verursacht wurde. Das Ergebnis pro hectre hatte sich verringert und das Land für Bearbeitung hatte auch sich verringert.

Insoweit das terai, war seine Prognose, daß sie überschüssige Nahrung für eine Dekade produzieren würde, und erwähnte, daß die meisten der Nahrung nach Indien gingen, weil boten die Händler in den Ebenen an, waren bessere Preise und die Transportinfrastruktur bereits dort in der Form der guten Gleise und der Straßen.

Im terai kann das Grundwasser an einer Tiefe von 2 Metern erreicht werden. Das terai, mit seinem reichen Schwemmlandboden, konnte in den Maisraum von Nepal, ganz wie das Punjab in Indien entwickelt werden. Und Nepal sollte nicht seinen Reis nach Indien exportieren aber ihn für Inlandsnachfragen im Königreich halten. Er rüttelte seinen Kopf und sagte, das einfache ⠀ ˜ It⠀ ™ s, aber es doesn⠀ ™ t Funktion. Wir können einen überschuß im Augenblick haben, aber die Frage ist, ob wir diese Produktion aufrechterhalten können oder nicht? ⠀ ™, das

die Landwirte geholfen werden müssen, war sein Argument. Toni Hagen ließ zu, daß er didn⠀ ™ t ein Patentrezept für die Probleme Nepal hat. Die Landwirte waren in Nepal entsprechend Toni Hagen ignoriert worden (nicht so in Taiwan und in Niger). Er beschwerte sich, daß die Auslandshilfe, bis 1976 Geld meistens in den Straßeaufbau Projekten investierten, das ein ernster Fehler war, denn er herauf die letzten Reserven von Nepal sogen.

Nepal ist wie ein sehr kranker Patient. Vielseitige und bilaterale Hilfsmittelagenturen auf dem Regierungs- und nichtstaatlichen Niveau haben fremdes Bargeld und Material in Nepal eingespritzt, und das Resultat ist, daß die sehr Wirtschaftsstruktur geschwächt worden ist. Eine Summe US 552.8 Million wurde nach Nepal ohne irgendwelche sichtbaren änderungen in der Wirtschaftsstruktur des Landes gebracht und hat eine Hilfsmittelindustrie verursacht, in der die verdorbenen Zwischenhändler ein gutes Leben erwerben. Die country⠀ ™ s Massen leiden stoically, wie sie während der Jahrhunderte an den Händen anderer Lehren getan haben. Chakari, Nepotismus und Korruption ist in der Pfosten-demokratischen ära wie in der Vergangenheit gerechtes so zügelloses.

Es muß, sagte er, gemerkt werden, daß über 90% von Nepalese die Bevölkerung auf Landwirtschaft lebt. Die erste Priorität wurde zum Transport, dann Landwirtschaft und zuletzt Energie gegeben. Die Art und Weise würde auf dem langfristigen besser gewesen sein.

Er hielt einen pädagogischen Finger und einem Nepal ist ein Land mit dem größten hydroelektrischen Potential in der Welt erinnert. ⠀ ˜ ziehen sogar in den fünfziger Jahren zurück, die ich zur Regierung vorschlug, um Energie zu entwickeln. Einige Beamte sahen ihn als ⠀ ˜ rückwärts in seinem Denken, ⠀ ™ an und entsprechend ihm wurde fremdes exÂchange auf unbrauchbaren thermischen Energieprojekten vergeudet.

Während die Bevölkerung von Nepal 1950 8 Million war, 1988 war es 17.5 Million. Heute it⠀ ™ s 27 Million. Und während die Mittellebenserwartung 1950 26 Jahre war, kann ein Nepalese jetzt leben, um alt zu sein 40 bis 50 Jahre wenn nicht mehr. Malaria war 1950 mit 3 Million Fällen und in den Achtziger Jahren zügellos, die, Malaria, die gedacht wurde ausgerottet worden zu sein, ein Comeback gebildet hat, weil die ⠀ ˜ Moskitos immune⠀ ™ sind. Während es 2.5 Million Haustiere 1962 gab, gibt es über 3.2 Million diese Tage. Und während es 6.4 Million Hektars des Waldes 1950 gab, wurde es auf Hälfte, nämlich 3.2 Hektars 1982 verringert. Und während der Analphabetismus 1950 98% war, durch hatte 1976 fast 77% der Jungen (und der 25% Mädchen) obligatorische Primärschule durchgelaufen. Und was die medizinischen Aspekte anbetrifft, 50% mehr Nepalese Doktoren werden konzentriert in der Katmandu Senke als irgendwoanders im Königreich. Wegen des Krieges zwischen den Maoisten und den Regierung Truppen und der Polizei hat es eine unveränderliche Abnahme (38%) im Touristen seit 1998 gegeben. Und mehr als 13 000 Nepalese sind im Kampf für Energie gestorben. Dieses würde wie ein Alptraum zu Toni Hagen, der eine andere Abbildung von Nepal in seinem verdorbenen mind⠀ ” hatte, aber ruhiges und tolerantes erschienen sein. Und ließen Phasen war leben die Lebenphilosophie. Heute ließ das Phasen it⠀ ™ s und Würfel.

Die Rate der Leute, welche die ländlichen Gebiete lassen, war 3% 1951 im Vergleich zu 12% 1982. Die Getreideproduktion Abbildungen und die Aussichten entsprechend dem schweizer sachverständigen Blick düster mit einem Defizit im Jahr 2000, bereits fangend im frühen mit einem Abwärtsgang an.

Zu einer Frage über die schweizer Straße in Jiri, der in deutschem Fernsehapparat als ökologisches und technisches Meisterwerk gepriesen worden war, sagte er: ⠀ ˜ It⠀ ™ s gut errichtet, aber falsch gelegt (falsch Angelegt). Weder hatte er Wörter des Lobs für die Nepal-Indien Straße noch für die Katmandu-Lhasa Landstraße, die große Technikmeisterstücke waren. Das Tribhuvan Rajpath, das Nepal mit Indien anschließt (errichtet 1956) war wegen der Abnutzung entlang den Seiten der Straße sehr schlecht. Er nannte es ein ⠀ ˜ schreckliches construction⠀ ™. Mittlerweile ist die Straße für Verkehr geöffnet.

⠀ ˜ in Entwicklungshilfe there⠀ ™ s immer eine falsche Investition. Die Hilfsmittelspender wollten zu viel in Nepal tun. Das war das problem⠀ ™, sagt Toni Hagen.

Auf der 11. von April 1996 gab es eine zweitägige ⠀ ˜ Nepal Hilfsmittel Group⠀ ™ Konferenz in Paris, die erste seiner Art seit 1992. Die teilnehmenden 13 Spendernationen waren: Kanada, Dänemark, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien, Japan, Holland, Norwegen, die saudische Entwicklung vernarrt, die Schweiz, Großbritannien, USA, zusätzlich zu den verschiedenen Finanzwesenorganisationen. Das Gipfel bewilligt für die Periode Unterstützung 1996-97 wert US$ 993 Million nach Nepal.

Der damalige Nepalese Finanzminister Dr. Rammen Sharan gesagtes Mahat, ⠀ ˜, welches die Sitzung in Paris geprüft hat, daß die Spendernationen eine kooperative einstellung gegenüber Nepal zeigen. Die Hauptsachen, die diese Länder sich beschwerten, waren ungefähr: die konstante Eintragung der Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Dienst, ihre sinkende Moral und verzögert in der Eintragung und in den übertragungen der Staatsbeamten, die an den Entwicklungsarbeiten teilnehmen. Die Hilfsmittelspender schlugen vor, daß die Preise des allgemeinen Services den Effektivkosten orientiert werden sollten und hoben die Notwendigkeit des Steuerns des zügellosen corruption⠀ ™ hervor.

Eine andere gegenwärtige Tendenz in der Entwicklungshilfe von Europa ist diese ⠀ ˜ Hilfe zum Selbst-Help⠀ ™ especiÂally von den Deutschen. Nepal 1995 empfangen 29.3 Million deutschen Markierungen für die Projekte und die Programme der finanziellen und technischen Mitarbeit (FZ u. TZ). Die finanzielle Mitarbeit bezieht Familieplanung, eine Straße Infrastruktur mit ein und projizieren sich biogas.

Toni Hagen sagte, ⠀ ˜ das Nepalese, zum Beispiel sollte Bäume und Obacht für sie für fünf Jahre errichten. Integrale Projekte würden für Nepal⠀ ™ gut sein und fortfuhren, über grosse Projekte mit dem Motto zu sprechen: ⠀ ˜ kein Geld, kein water⠀ ™ in anderen Ländern. Die grossen Organisationen der reichen Länder haben Lose Geld für Entwicklung Projekte aber, wie das Geld investiert wurde, waren eine andere Angelegenheit. In seinem Buch auf Entwicklung Problemen analysierte er 230 Entwicklung Projekte, und entsprechend ihm in den ländlichen Gebieten haben nur kleine Projekte eine Wahrscheinlichkeit zu überleben.

Er veranschlug den Dorfbewohner, dem besagt, ⠀ ˜ mein Dorf überlebte so viele Entwicklung projects⠀ ™ hat. Tut es gutes, die Dörfer in Entwicklungsländern zu den modernen Niveaus zu holen?

Sogar sind schweizer Dörfer in Sein durch mühsame Prozesse der Perioden des Entwicklung überschusses lang der Geschichte gekommen. Nepal versucht, mit der entwickelten Welt innerhalb einiger Dekaden aufholen. There⠀ ™ s auch die Frage des Verlustes der Identität wegen der Entwicklungshilfe. Toni Hagen⠀ ™ s Welt bestand während der Hippie-glücklichen und Blume-Energie Tage, denn es gab keine Zeichen der militanten Maoisten an jenen Tagen. Ich erinnere mich einen an Besucher von England, das mit seinem Side-kick von Südindien reiste, das besagt, ⠀ ˜ Nepal sogar in den Kindern kann um die Landschaft ohne Furcht vor belästigt werden oder entführt werden gehen. Das Nepalese sind solch ein wundervolles people.⠀ ™ heute, die Eltern würde denken zweimal, bevor sie ihre Kinder ungefähr in Nepal durchstreifen lassen.

Während meiner Tri Chandra Hochschultage kamen die kommunistischen Kursteilnehmer von Doti, von Silgadi und von Dharan und ließen Stapel Literatur von Kim gesungener Il, Lenin, Marx einsperren und Mao⠀ ™ s rote Bücher, stellten ganz durch die jeweiligen kulturellen Mitten dieser kommunistischen Länder in Katmandu zur Verfügung. Niemand hob eine Augenbraue an, denn diese Bücher waren vorhandenes jedes, sogar an den Sajha Geschäften von Katmandu und anderwohin. Heute haben die Maoisten von Rukum und vom weiten Westen aber auch in Katmandu verbreitet. Eine gebildete Arbeitsmutter von Katmandu, mit einem PhD aus Deutschland, schrieb mir, ⠀ ˜ vor kurzem sich vorstellen, wie das Leben in Katmandu ist, wegen der verdorbenen Politiker. Im Augenblick gibt es Straße Blockaden, wirklich Wirtschaftsblockaden um Katmandu, das von den Maoisten, der Marktpreis der Nahrungsmittelgebrauchsgüter auferlegt wird, haben gegangene hübsche Höhe. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander, Togetherness, uma nação, um mundo
Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo
O ™ s do € de Letâ vivo junto, apesar das diferenças (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

eu encontrei-me com Toni Hagen idades há em Freiburg aonde o ™ d do € do heâ vem dar uma conversa sobre Nepal, e eu devo dizer que fêz uma impressão boa alegre. Como um Freiburger long-time, eu fui com ele a um tavern local perto do Schwabentor para um swig da cerveja alemão. o ve do ™ do € de Iâ do ˜ do € do â viajou 14.000 quilômetros no pé no € Toni dito ™ Hagen de Nepalâ, um Suíço-geólogo macio-falado, silvery-haired que fosse 89 anos agora, ™ t Yamaraj do € do hadnâ beckoned o mais cedo. Teve esse acento típico de Schwyzerdeutsch, e gostou de pensar de seus dias em Nepal nos fifties adiantados como seus anos vagueando do ˜ do € do â, ™ do € do â para como é o costume em Switzerland e em Germany, quando re do ™ do € do youâ completamente com aprendizagem de seu comércio que você embark em cima de uma perícia procurando do desengate aventuroso em tantos como cidades e países como possível antes de você estabelece para baixo algum lugar. Sua esposa pobre teve que remanescer em Lenzerheide com as crianças.

No exemplo de Toni Hagen, entretanto, pareceu ser uma alma vagueando, mesmo no inverno de sua vida, gastando a metade de seu tempo nos alpes suíços e a outra metade nos Himalayas. Era uma das últimas testemunhas vivas de um Nepal secretive das idades médias. Entrou no reino numa altura em que era um  proibido œ do € do landâ do € do â nos fifties adiantados. Como o primeiro estrangeiro que teve a liberdade de viajar em Nepal como satisfêz, as áreas visitadas Hagen que são proibidas ainda a maioria de povos mesmo hoje. A maioria de admiradores de Toni Hagen podem ver sua vida e experiências no ˜ do € do â da película o anel do ™ do € de Buddha.â é um melange do material original dos fifties, transparências da película da cor de seu livro na geologia de Nepal, e o visor começa uma idéia do reino de Nepal e de seus povos. Quando eu vi a película, eu tive o sentimento inquieto que nos dizia adeus todos.

Com a passagem do tempo, Toni Hagen mudou sua profissão da geologia a desenvolvimento-trabalha, e foi concernido profundamente sobre os problemas do dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) de desenvolvimento, dos seus sucessos e das falhas não somente em Nepal mas também em muitos outros países. Os povos interessaram-no mais do que as formações stratigraphic. Em um livro publicado pelo Unesco, tratando dos problemas socio-economic do ˜ do € do â do ™ do € de Nepalâ mencionou os projetos do desenvolvimento em Nepal e disse que o ™ ecological do € do prophesyâ do catastrophe do ˜ do € do â que fêz no ˜ adiantado do € do â dos fifties tem o ™ vindo do € do trueâ e fala sobre o trabalho pioneiro no exame geological de Nepal de 1960 até 1970, e escreveu-o sobre sua edição nova do ™ do € de Nepalâ do ˜ do € do â e mencionou-o orgulhosamente que era um quarto ˜ do € do â da edição sem nenhum ™ do € do changesâ, e chamado o um trabalho padrão em Nepal, que certamente é.

Fêz exame do prazer no fato que o banco de mundo parou o projeto de Arun III em agradecimentos de Nepal a seus esforços e lobbying unido na parte da organização ecological Urgewalt, Dr. Hermann Warth, e as frações políticas ndnis 90 do ¼ do SPD, do BÃ, os verdes e o PDS em influenciar o governo alemão, além à decisão do presidente de banco novo James do mundo Wolfensohn e a afirmação do ministro então principal Adhikary. Depois que a decisão do banco de mundo para não financiar o projeto da represa, ele foi feita exame para concedido que as 235 milhão marcas do lado alemão estariam reservadas para outros projetos menores. O Arun III foi observado em Germany como a desenvolvimento-política ida haywire.

˜ que Nepal necessita, ™ que do € do â do € do â forçou, o ˜ do € do â não é projetos do estrada-edifício mas ajuda genuína e eficaz no setor agricultural. Que Nepal necessita não é plantas atômicas mas ™ do € de water-works.â e ele o ™ t do € do wasnâ cansado de mencionar, com um sentido do orgulho, que seu rei Birendra do Majesty tinha lido seus relatórios velhos e lhe tinha pedido sua opinião a respeito do desenvolvimento optimal do ™ s do € de Nepalâ.

o ˜ do € do â é ele demasiado atrasado para meu país? o ™ do € do â era a pergunta feita pelo rei Birendra, disse ele, e na mesma respiração expressou seu admiration para o rei de Nepalese. Era da opinião que o monarchy e a continuidade constitutional do ˜ do € do â são essenciais para a sobrevivência do ™ s do € de Nepalâ, ™ do € do â e elogiava as vantagens do decentralisation, que de acordo com ele, é uma característica central da democracia e é importante para cada caso que envolve o planeamento se plantas hydroelectric ou tourism do ™ s do € do itâ. Naqueles dias, a única pressão que Nepal teve enquanto um estado sovereign era de India em relação aos disagreements do comércio e do trânsito. Os tempos mudaram e a ameaça é de dentro, no formulário dos maoists, e não de without.

Toni que Hagen disse, desenvolvimento do ˜ do € do â deve vir do ™ do € de grassroots.â foi concedido o título da pessoa distinguida ˜ do € do â do ™ do € de Kathmandu Cityâ em 15o junho 1995 pelo mayor do Sr. de Kathmandu. P.L. Singh, que lhe apresentou também uma chave à cidade. Nesta ocasião Toni Hagen foi no registro como dizer o ˜ do € do â apesar da falha de alguns políticos e os partidos, a liberdade do discurso, a pression-liberdade, o sistema multiparty e o papel da oposição no parliament remanescem o traço o mais importante do sistema novo na política de NepaleÂse.

Nepal pode ser dividido em sete zonas: o Terai, os montes de Siwalik, as montanhas de Mahabharat (Lekh), o Nepal Midlands, os Himalayas, os Himalayas internos e as montanhas marginais tibetanas. E de acordo com Toni Hagen o sistema do rio existiu antes que os Himalayas de Nepal vieram na existência. Os rios Himalayan carved gorges gigantescos. De acordo com ele seria apropriado se os Midlands não fossem ignorados hoje. Quase lamentably disse que o urwald do terai, floresta primeval, não existiu anymore e falado sobre o banco de mundo e o projeto do ™ s do € do governmentâ de Nepalese de povos se estabelecindo dos montes ao terai.

Do terai aos montes você tem em ordem ascending do cultivation de colheita: arroz, trigo, maize, millet, batatas e grassland. O trigo é uma colheita relativamente nova em Nepal. Encontrou a volta verde macia na boa vinda de Kathmandu, mas ao mesmo tempo apontou ao fato que a população se tinha levantado na última década em um tempo alarming, e se tinha chamado o ™ e bad do € do schlimmâ do ˜ do € do â bastante. Nepal, na comparação com outros países Asian, tem cinco pessoas por o hectre do ™ do € do landâ, disse e o ˜ do € do â possui a concentração a mais grande do ™ do € do densityâ da população.

E então começou falar sobre a erosão do solo. Do terai no gangetic-nível upto uma altura de 1800m você tem terraces do arroz e lá de até 3000m você tem o KampfÂzone (batalha-zona) para a existência e acima daquele você tem, até uma elevação de 3500m, florestas com erosão crescente e então grasslands nas regiões de Himalaya. Indicou que os terraces íngremes resultaram na erosão do solo causada por seres humanos. O rendimento por o hectre tem diminuído e a terra para o cultivation tem diminuído também.

Tanto quanto o terai, seu prognosis era que produziria o alimento em excesso por uma década, e mencionava que a maioria do alimento foram a India, porque os comerciantes nas planícies ofereceram os preços melhores e o infrastructure de transporte estavam já lá no formulário de estradas de ferro e de estradas boas.

No terai a água à terra pode ser alcançada em uma profundidade de 2 medidores. O terai, com seu solo alluvial rico, podia ser desenvolvido na milho-câmara de Nepal, bem como o Punjab em India. E Nepal não deve exportar seu arroz para India mas mantê-lo para demandas domésticas no reino. Agitou sua cabeça e disse-a, o ™ s do € de Itâ do ˜ do € do â fácil, mas ele função do ™ t do € do doesnâ. Nós podemos ter um excesso neste momento mas a pergunta é se nós podemos proseguir esta produção ou não? o ™ que do € do â

os fazendeiros devem ser ajudados era seu argumento. Toni Hagen admitiu que o ™ t do € do didnâ tem uma receita da patente para os problemas de Nepal. Os fazendeiros tinham sido ignorados em Nepal de acordo com Toni Hagen (não assim em Formosa e em Niger). Queixou-se que o dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) extrangeiro até que 1976 invested o dinheiro na maior parte em projetos da estrada-construção que era um erro grave, porque sugaram acima das últimas reservas de Nepal.

Nepal é como um paciente muito doente. As agências Multilateral e bilateral do dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) no nível governamental e non-governmental injetaram o dinheiro e o material extrangeiros em Nepal, e o resultado é que a estrutura muito econômica estêve enfraquecida. Uma soma dos E.U. 552.8 milhões foi transferida a Nepal sem nenhumas mudanças visíveis na estrutura econômica do país e criou uma dae (dispositivo automático de entrada)-indústria em que os middlemen corrupt ganham uma vida boa. As massas do ™ s do € do countryâ sofrem stoically, como fizeram durante todo os séculos nas mãos de outras réguas. Chakari, o nepotism e o corruption são tão rampant justo na era borne-democrática quanto no passado.

Deve-se anotar, disse ele, que acima de 90% de Nepalese a população vive na agricultura. A primeira prioridade foi dada ao transporte, então agricultura e última energia. A outra maneira redonda seria melhor no longo - funcionamento.

Prendeu um dedo pedagogic e lembrado um Nepal é um país com o potencial hydro-electric o mais grande no mundo. o ˜ do € do â suporta mesmo nos fifties onde eu sugeri ao governo para desenvolver a energia. Alguns oficiais consideraram-no como o ˜ do € do â para trás em seu pensar, ™ do € do â e de acordo com ele o exÂchange extrangeiro foi desperdiçado em projetos térmicos inúteis da energia.

Visto que a população de Nepal em 1950 era 8 milhões, em 1988 era 17.5 milhões. Hoje ™ s do € do itâ 27 milhões. E visto que a expectativa de vida média em 1950 era 26 anos, um Nepalese agora pode viver para ter 40 a 50 anos velho se não mais. A malária era rampant em 1950 com 3 milhão casos, e nos eighties onde a malária, que foi pensada para eradicated, fêz um comeback porque os mosquitos do ˜ do € do â são ™ do € do immuneâ. Visto que havia 2.5 milhão animais domésticos em 1962, há sobre 3.2 milhões estes dias. E visto que havia 6.4 milhão hectares da floresta em 1950, foi reduzido à metade, a saber 3.2 hectares em 1982. E visto que o illiteracy em 1950 era 98%, por 1976 quase 77% dos meninos (e de meninas de 25%) tinham atravessado a escola preliminar compulsória. E quanto para aos aspectos médicos, 50% mais doutores de Nepalese são concentrados no vale de Kathmandu do que seja là onde for no reino. Devido à guerra entre os Maoists e as tropas do governo e as polícias houve um declínio constante (38%) no turista desde 1998. E mais de 13 000 Nepalese morreram no esforço para o poder. Isto apareceria como um nightmare a Toni Hagen, que teve um outro retrato de Nepal em seu ” do € do mindâ corrupt, mas calmo e tolerante. Vive e deixa vivo era a filosofia da vida. Hoje o ™ s do € do itâ vivo e deixou o dado.

A taxa dos povos que deixam as áreas rurais era 3% em 1951 na comparação a 12% em 1982. As figuras e os prospetos de produção da colheita de acordo com o olhar perito suíço gloomy com um deficit no ano 2000, começando já no adiantado com uma tendência descendente.

A uma pergunta sobre a estrada suíça em Jiri, que tinha sido elogiado na tevê alemão como um masterpiece ecological e técnico, disse: ™ s do € de Itâ do ˜ do € do â construído bem, mas colocado errada (falsch Angelegt). Nem teve as palavras do elogio para a estrada de Nepal-India, nem para a estrada de Kathmandu-Lhasa, que eram feats grandes da engenharia. O Tribhuvan Rajpath que conecta Nepal com o India (construído em 1956) era muito mau por causa da erosão ao longo dos lados da estrada. Chamou-o um ˜ do € do ⠙ terrível do € do constructionâ. No ínterim a estrada está aberta para o tráfego.

˜ do € do â no ™ s do € do thereâ do dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) de desenvolvimento sempre um investimento errado. Os dae (dispositivo automático de entrada)-doadores quiseram fazer demasiado em Nepal. Aquele era o ™ do € do problemâ, diz Toni Hagen.

Sobre 11o abril 1996 havia uma conferência two-day em Paris, a primeira do ™ do € de Groupâ do dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) de Nepal do ˜ do € do â de seu tipo desde 1992. As 13 nações fornecedoras participando eram: Canadá, Dinamarca, Finlandia, France, Germany, Italy, Japão, Holland, Noruega, o desenvolvimento Saudi afeiçoado, Switzerland, Reino Unido, EUA, além às várias organizações das finanças internacionais. O summit concedido para o auxílio 1996-97 do período worth US$ 993 milhões a Nepal.

O Dr. de então do ministro de finanças de Nepalese. Forçam Sharan Mahat dito, ˜ que do € do â a reunião em Paris provou que as doador-nações mostram uma atitude cooperativa para Nepal. Os pontos principais que estes países se queixaram estavam aproximadamente: afixar constante dos empregados de governo, seu morale afundando-se e atrasa em afixar e em transferências dos empregados civis acoplados nos trabalhos de desenvolvimento. Os dae (dispositivo automático de entrada)-doadores sugeriram que os preços do serviço público devem ser orientados aos custos reais e emfatizaram a necessidade de controlar o ™ rampant do € do corruptionâ.

Uma outra tendência atual no dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) de desenvolvimento de Europa é esta ajuda do ˜ do € do â ao ™ do € do self-Helpâ especiÂally dos alemães. Em Nepal 1995 recebido 29.3 milhão marcas alemãs para os projetos e os programas da cooperação financeira e técnica (FZ & TZ). A cooperação financeira envolve o família-planeamento, um infrastructure da estrada e os biogas projetam-se.

Toni Hagen disse, ˜ do € do â o Nepalese, por exemplo, deve plantar árvores e cuidado para eles por cinco anos. Os projetos integrais seriam bons para o ™ do € de Nepalâ e iriam sobre falar sobre projetos grandes com o motto: ˜ do € do â nenhum dinheiro, nenhum ™ do € do waterâ em outros países. As organizações grandes de países ricos têm lotes do dinheiro para projetos do desenvolvimento mas como o dinheiro invested eram uma outra matéria. Em seu livro em problemas do desenvolvimento analisou 230 projetos do desenvolvimento, e de acordo com ele em áreas rurais somente os projetos pequenos têm uma possibilidade sobreviver.

Citou o aldeão que dito, o ˜ do € do â minha vila tem assim muitos sobrevividos ™ do € do projectsâ do desenvolvimento. Faz bom trazer as vilas em países tornando-se aos níveis modernos?

Mesmo as vilas suíças têm vindo em ser com os processos laborious de períodos do excesso do desenvolvimento por muito tempo da história. Nepal está tentando alcançar o mundo desenvolvido dentro de algumas décadas. ™ s do € de Thereâ também a pergunta da perda da identidade devido ao dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) de desenvolvimento. O mundo do ™ s do € de Toni Hagenâ existiu durante os dias Hippie-felizes e do Flor-poder, porque não havia nenhum sinal de maoists militant naqueles dias. Eu recordo um visitante de Inglaterra, que estava viajando com seu side-kick de India sul, que dito, ˜ do € do â em crianças de Nepal mesmo posso andar em torno do campo sem medo de ser molestado ou sequestrar. O Nepalese é um ™ tão maravilhoso do € de people.â hoje, os pais pensaria duas vezes antes que deixem suas crianças vaguear aproximadamente em Nepal.

Durante meus dias Tri da faculdade de Chandra, os estudantes comunistas vieram de Doti, de Silgadi e de Dharan e tiveram pilhas da literatura penned por Kim Il cantado, Lenin, Marx e os livros vermelhos do ™ s do € de Maoâ, fizeram toda disponível pelos centros cultural respectivos destes países comunistas em Kathmandu. Ninguém levantou uma sobrancelha, porque estes livros eram cada disponível, mesmo nas lojas de Sajha de Kathmandu e em outra parte. Os maoists têm espalhado hoje de Rukum e do oeste distante mas também em Kathmandu. Uma mãe trabalhando educada de Kathmandu, com um PhD de Germany, escreveu-me recentemente, ˜ do € do â imagina como a vida em Kathmandu é, devido aos políticos corrupt. A direita agora lá é os blockades da rua, blockades realmente econômicos em torno de Kathmandu imposto pelos Maoists, o mercado-preço de productos do alimento tem a elevação bonita ida. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander Togetherness, en nation, en värld
Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo
Levande Let⠀™ s tillsammans, illviljan skillnaderna (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

mötte jag Toni Hagen åldrar sedan i Freiburg var he’ D kommer att ge ett samtal om Nepal, och jag måste något att säga som han gjorde ett jolly bra intryck. Som en long-time Freiburger gick jag med honom till en lokalkrog nära Schwabentoren för en swig av tysk öl. för Iâ för ‘ ve för ™ € reste 14.000 km på fot i Nepal⠀ ™ sagda Toni Hagen, entalad silvrig-haired Schweizare-geolog som skulle är 89 år nu, hadn’ t Yamaraj görade tecken åt honom tidigare. Han hade, att den typiska Schwyzerdeutsch brytningen och han gillade till funderare av hans dagar i Nepal i tidig sortfemtiotalet som hans irrande år för ‘, ’ för, som är det beställnings- i Schweitz och Tyskland, när beträffande through för you’ med att lära din handel som du går ombord på ett äventyrligt, snubbla sökande sakkunskap in så många städer och länder, som möjligheten, för du högryggad träsoffa besegrar något, förlägger. Hans fattiga fru måste att återstå i Lenzerheide med barnen.

I fallet av Toni Hagen, emellertid, verkade han för att vara en irrande soul, även i vintern av hans liv, utgifterhalva av hans tid i de schweiziska alpsna och den annan halvan i himalayasna. Han var ett av de sist bosatt vittnena av en förtegna Nepal av medeltiden. Han skrev in kungariket i sänder, då det var  för € för landâ för †en œ förbjuden i tidig sortfemtiotalet. Som den första utlänningen, som hade, friheten av att resa i Nepal som behog han, Hagen besökte områden som förbjudas fortfarande mest folk även i dag. Mest Toni Hagen beundrare kan beskåda hans liv och erfar i ˜en för filma†ringa av Buddha.â-€™ som det är en melange av original filmar materiellt från femtiotalet, färgar stordior från his bokar på geologin av Nepal, och tittaren får en idé av Konungariket Nepal, och dess bemannar. När jag sågar filma, hade jag den oroliga känslan att han var ordstävet goodbye till alla oss.

Med passagen av tid ändrade Toni Hagen hans yrke från geologi till utveckling-fungerar, och han angicks djupt om problemen av utvecklingsbidrag, dess framgångar och fel inte endast i Nepal men också i många andra länder. Folket intresserade honom mer än de stratigrafiska bildande. I en boka som publiceras av Unescoen som handlar med de samhällsekonomiska problemen för ‘ av Nepal⠀™ som, han nämnde utvecklingen, projekterar i Nepal och sagt att ™en för € för prophesyâ för katastrofen för ‘ den ekologiska, som han gjorde i ˜en för € för tidig sortfemtiotalâ har kommen true’ och omtalat det banbrytande arbetet i den geologiska granskningen av Nepal från 1960 kassalåda 1970, och skrev om hans nya upplaga av för Nepalâ för ‘ ™ € och nämnde proudly, att det var en fjärde ˜ för upplaga†utan någon changes’, och kallat den ett standart arbete på Nepal, som det är sannerligen.

Han tog fröjd i faktumet att världsbankenen stoppade Arunen III projekterar i Nepal tack till hans försök och den eniga lobbyverksamheten på delen av den ekologiska organisationen Urgewalt, Dr. Hermann Warth och det politiskt del ndnis 90 från för den SPD-, BÃ-¼en, gräsplanerna och PDSEN, i påverkan av den tyska regeringen, förutom beslutet av den nya världsbankenpresidenten James Wolfensohn och påståendet av därefter premiärministern Adhikary. Efter världsbankenbeslutet inte som finansierar fördämningen har projekterat, togs det för beviljat att den 235 miljonen markerar från den skulle tyska sidan är den fastställda asiden för annan mindre projekterar. Arunen III observerades i Tyskland som väck haywire utveckling-politik.

‘ vilken Nepal behöver, ’ är han som är stressad, ‘, inte väg-byggnad projekterar bara äkta och effektiv hjälp i jordbrukssektorn. Vilken Nepal behöver inte är atom- växter utan water--works.’ och, honom wasn’ t som tröttas av att nämna, med en avkänning av stolthet, att hans majestätkonung Birendra hade läst hans gammala rapporter och hade frågat honom för hans åsikt angående optimal utveckling för Nepal⠀™ s.

‘ är det som för är sent för mitt land? ’ var ifrågasätta som frågades av konungen Birendra, sade han, och i den samma andedräkten uttryckte han hans beundran för den nepalesiska konungen. Han var av åsikten, som monarchy och kontinuitet för ‘ konstitutionell är nödvändiga för överlevnad för Nepal⠀™ s, ’ och lovordade fördelarna av decentralisering, som enligt honom, är ett centralkännetecken av demokrati och är viktig för varje fall som gäller planera huruvida hydroelektrisk anläggning eller turism för it’ s. I de dagar pressar de enda att Nepal hade, som en statlig härskare var från Indien i anslutning med handeln och genomreser motsättningar. Tider har ändrat, och hot är inifrån, i form av maoists och inte utifrån.

Toni sagda Hagen, utveckling för ‘ måste komma från grassroots.â-€™en som han tilldelades titeln av den distingerade personen för ‘ av Kathmandu City⠀™ på 15th Juni 1995 av borgmästare av Kathmandu Herr P.L. Singh, som framlade också honom ett nyckel- till staden. På denna orsaka Toni som Hagen gick på rekord som illvilja för ˜ för ordstäv†felet av några politikar, och partier, yttrandefrihet, press-frihet, det multiparty systemet och rollen av oppositionen i parlamentet återstår det viktigaste draget av det nya systemet i NepaleÂse politik.

Nepal kan delas in i sju zonplanerar: Teraien, de Siwalik kullarna, de Mahabharat bergen (Lekh), Nepal Midlands, himalayasna, de inre himalayasna och de tibetana marginella bergen. Och enligt Toni Hagen fanns flodsystemet, för de Nepal himalayasna kom in i existens. De Himalayan floderna sned gigantiska klyftor. Enligt honom som det skulle, var anslår, om Midlandsna inte ignorerades i dag. Nästan beklagligt sade han att teraiurwalden, urtids- skog, inte fanns anymore och omtalat världsbankenen och den nepalesiska government’en s projekterar av avgörandefolk från kullarna till teraien.

Från teraien till kullarna som du har, i att stiga, beställa av kantjusterar odling: rice, vete, maize, millet, potatisar och grässlätt. Vete är ett förhållandevis nytt kantjusterar i Nepal. Han grundar den mjuka gröna rotationen i den Kathmandu välkomnandet, men pekade bjöd han till faktumet, att befolkningen hade uppstiget i det sist årtiondet på ett alarmerande tempo, och kallat det ™ för € för schlimmâ för ‘ och samtidigt nog. Nepal i jämförelse till andra asiatiska länder, har fem personer per hectre av land’, sade han, och ‘ äger den största koncentrationen av ™ för befolkningdensityâ€.

Och därefter startade han att tala om smutsaerosionen. Från teraien på gangetic-jämna upto en höjd av 1800m som du har riceterrasser, och därifrån upp till 3000m har du KampfÂzonen (slåss-zonplanera), för existens, och ovanför det har brukar du, en höjd av 3500m, skogar med ökande erosion och därefter grässlättar i de Himalaya regionerna. Han pekade ut att de brant terrasserna resulterade smutsar in erosion som orsakades av människor. Avkastningen per hectre hade minskat, och landet för odling hade också minskat.

Så långt, som teraien angicks, var nämnde hans prognos, att den skulle jordbruksprodukteröverskottmat för ett årtionde, och att mest av maten gick till Indien, därför att affärsmännen i slättarna som erbjuds bättre prissätter, och transportinfrastrukturen var redan i bildar där av bra järnvägar och vägar.

I teraien som det slipat bevattnar, kan nås på ett djup av 2 räkneverk. Teraien, med dess rika alluvialt smutsar, kunde framkallas in i konservera-kammaren av Nepal, mycket något liknande Punjaben i Indien. Och Nepal bör inte exportera dess rice till Indien utan uppehället det för inhemska begärningar i kungariket. Han skakade hans huvud och sade, för Itâ för ‘ lätt ™ s €, men den doesn’ t fungerar. Vi kan ha ett överskott på ögonblicket, men är ifrågasätta huruvida oss canuppehället upp denna produktion eller inte? ’ som

bönderna måste hjälpas, var hans argument. Toni Hagen medgav som honom, har didn’ t ett patenterat recept för problemen av Nepal. Bönderna hade ignorerats i Nepal enligt Toni Hagen (inte så i Taiwan och Niger). Han klagade att utlandsbiståndet, tills 1976 investerade pengar i väg-konstruktion projekterar mestadels som var en grav, missförstå, for den sög upp jumbon reserverar av Nepal.

Nepal är lik en mycket sjuk tålmodig. Flersidigt och bilateralt bistå byråer på det stats-, och non-governmental jämnt har injicerat utländsk kassa och materiellt in i Nepal, och resultatet är att det mycket ekonomiskt strukturerar har försvagats. En summa av US som 552.8 miljon överfördes till Nepal utan några synliga ändringar i det ekonomiskt, strukturerar av landet och har skapat enbransch som de korrumperade mellanhänderna tjänar i ett bra uppehälle. Country’en s samlas lider stoically, som de har gjort alltigenom som århundradena på räcker av andra linjaler. Chakari, svågerpolitik och korruption är rättvist så våldsamt i dendemokratiska eraen som i förflutnan.

Det måste noteras, sade han, att ovanför 90% av de nepalesiska befolkningliven på jordbruk. Den första prioriteten var fallen för transport, därefter jordbruk och avslutningsvis energi. Annat långt den skulle rundan har varit bättre på det långt - körningen.

Han rymde ett pedagogic fingrar och påminde en Nepal är ett land med det största hydro-electric potentiellt i världen. ‘ drar tillbaka även i femtiotalet som jag föreslogg till regeringen för att framkalla energi. Några representanter betraktade honom som ‘ tillbaka i hans tänkande, ’, och enligt honom som utländsk exÂchange slödes bort på onyttig termisk energi, projekterar.

Eftersom befolkningen av Nepal i 1950 var 8 miljon, i 1988 var den 17.5 miljon. I dag it’ s 27 miljoner. Och eftersom den genomsnittliga livförväntningen i 1950 var 26 år, kan ett nepalesiskt nu bo för att vara 40 till 50 gammala år om inte mer. Malaria var våldsam i 1950 med 3 miljon fall och i eightiesna som malaria, som tänktes för att ha utrotats, har gjort en återkomst, därför att myggorna för ‘ är immune’. Eftersom det fanns 2.5 miljon tamdjur i 1962, finns det över 3.2 miljoner dessa dagar. Och eftersom det fanns 6.4 miljon hektar av skogen i 1950, förminskades det till halvan, namely 3.2 hektar i 1982. Och eftersom analfabetismen i 1950 var 98%, vid hade 1976 nästan 77% av pojkarna (och 25% flickor) väck till och med den obligatoriska grundskola för barn mellan 5 och 11 år. Och som för de medicinska aspekterna, manipulerar 50% som är mer nepalesisk, koncentreras i den Kathmandu dalen än någon annanstans i kungariket. Tack vare har kriga mellan maoistsna och de regerings- soldaterna och polisen där varit en stödjanedgång (38%) i turisten efter 1998. Och mer än 13 nepalesiska 000 har dött i ansträngningen för driver. Skulle detta har verkat likt en mardröm till Toni Hagen, som hade another att föreställa av Nepal i hans korrumperade mind—, bara fridsamt och tolerantt. Bo och låt var direkt livfilosofin. I dag l5At levande it’ s och matrisen.

Klassa av folk som lämnar landsbygdarna, var 3% i 1951 i jämförelse till 12% i 1982. Kantjusteraproduktionen figurerar och prospekterar enligt den schweiziska sakkunniga looken som är dyster med ett underskott i året 2000, början redan i tidig sort med en nedåtriktad trend.

Till en ifrågasätta om den schweiziska vägen i Jiri som hade lovordats i tysk TV som ett ekologiskt och tekniskt mästerverk, sade han: för Itâ för ‘ som brunn för ™ s € byggs, men läggas fel (falsch Angelegt). Neither hade han uttrycker av beröm för denIndien vägen nor för denLhasa huvudvägen, som var stora iscensätta bedrifter. Tribhuvanen Rajpath som förbinder Nepal med Indien (som byggdes i 1956) var mycket dåligan på grund av erosion längs sidorna av vägen. Han kallade det en ‘ ruskig construction’. I mellantiden är vägen öppen för trafikerar.

‘ i ™ s för utvecklingsbidragthere†alltid en fel investering. Bistå-oljedoseringarna önskade att göra för mycket i Nepal. Det var problem’en, något att säga Toni Hagen.

På 11th April 1996 fanns det en two-day ‘ Nepal bistår konferensen för Group⠀™ i Paris, första av dess sort efter 1992. Deltagande 13 donor nationer var: Kanada Danmark, Finland, Frankrike, Tyskland, Italien, Japan, Holland, Norge, saudierutvecklingen som är förtjust, Schweitz, STORBRITANNIEN, USA, förutom olika landskampfinansorganisationar. Toppmötet som beviljas för den periodhjälpvärden 1996-97 US$ 993 miljoner till Nepal.

Den then nepalesiska finansminister  dr.en Ramma Sharan sagda Mahat, ‘ som mötet i Paris har bevisat att oljedosering-nationerna visar en kooperativinställning in mot Nepal. Det huvudsakligt pekar att dessa länder klagade var omkring: den konstant utnämningen av statligt anställd, deras sjunkande moral och fördröjningen i utnämningen och överföringarna av tjänstemännen som är förlovade i utvecklingsverksamheterna. Bistå-oljedoseringarna föreslogg, att prissätter av offentlig service bör orienteras till det faktiskt kostar och betonade nödvändigheten av att kontrollera den våldsamma corruption’en.

En annan strömtrend i utvecklingsbidrag från Europa är denna hjälp för ‘ till Själv-Help’ especiÂally från germansna. I Nepal som 1995 mottas 29.3 miljon tysk, markerar för projekterar och programmerar av det finansiella och tekniska samarbetet (FZ & TZ). Det finansiella samarbetet gäller familj-att planera, en väginfrastruktur, och projekterar biogas.

Toni Hagen sade, ‘ det nepalesiskt, för anföra som exempel, bör plantera trees och att bry sig för dem för fem år. Integralen projekterar skulle är bra för Nepal⠀™ och gick på att tala om stort projekterar med mottoen: ‘ inga pengar, ingen water’ i andra länder. De stora organisationarna av rika länder har raddor som pengar för utveckling projekterar men, hur pengarna investerades var en annan materia. I his boka på utvecklingsproblem som han analyserade 230, utveckling projekterar, och enligt honom i endast lilla landsbygdar projekterar har en riskera som fortlever.

Han citerade byinvånaren som said, ‘ min by har fortlevt så många ™ för utvecklingsprojectsâ€. Gör det goda för att komma med byarna i ett u-land till modernt jämnar?

Även har schweiziska byar kommit in i att vara till och med mödosamt bearbetar av utveckling över långa perioder av historia. Nepal är pröva att fånga upp med den framkallade världen inom några årtionden. There⠀™ s också ifrågasätta av förlust av utvecklingsbidrag för identitet tack vare. Världen för Toni Hagen⠀™ s fanns under detlyckligt och Blomma-driver dagar, for det fanns inte något tecken av militant maoists i de dagar. Jag minns en besökare från England, som reste med hans side-kick från södra Indien, som said, ‘ i Nepal även barn kan gå runt om bygden utan skräck av att antastas eller att rövas bort. Det nepalesiskt är en sådan underbar people.â-€™ i dag, den föräldrar skulle funderare två gånger, för de låter deras barn ströva omkring omkring i Nepal.

Under min Tri Chandra högskoladagar kom hade de kommunistiska deltagarna från Doti, Silgadi och Dharan och buntar av litteratur att skrivas av Kim sjöng Il, Lenin, Marx, och röd Mao⠀™ s bokar, gjorde all tillgängligt vid det respektive kulturellt centrerar av dessa kommunistiska länder i Kathmandu. Inget lyftte ett ögonbryn, for dessa bokar var tillgängligt varje, även på Sajhaen shoppar av Kathmandu och någon annanstans. I dag har maoistsna spridning från Rukum och det långt västra men också i Kathmandu. Ett bildadt arbete fostrar från Kathmandu, med en PhD från Tyskland, skrev för en tid sedan till mig, ‘ föreställer, hur liv i Kathmandu är, tack vare de korrumperade politikarna. Rätten där är nu gatablockader, faktiskt ekonomiska blockader runt om Kathmandu som läggs på av maoistsna, marknadsföra-prissätta av matartiklar, har borta nätt kick. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander, Togetherness, одна нация, один мир
Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo
™ s € Letâ в реальном маштабе времени совместно, несмотря на разницы (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

я встретил Toni Hagen времена тому назад в Freiburg куда ™ d € heâ приходит дать talk about Непал, и я должен сказать он сделало jolly хорошее впечатление. Как long-time Freiburger, я пошел с им к местной харчевне почти Schwabentor для swig немецкого пива. ve ™ € I⠘ € â переместило 14.000 километров on foot в € Toni сказанном ™ Hagen Nepalâ, мягк-поговоренном, серебристом-haired Швейцарц-geologist который был бы 89 лет теперь, ™ t Yamaraj € hadnâ поманило его более раньше. Он имел тот типичный акцент Schwyzerdeutsch, и он полюбил думать его дней в Непале в предыдущих fifties как его леты ˜ € â бродяжничая, ™ € â для как таможня в Швейцарии и Германии, когда re ™ € youâ до конца с учить вашу торговлю, котор вы embark на экспертизе авантюрного отключения изыскивая в так много городах и странах по мере того как по возможности перед вами устанавливаете вниз некоторое место. Его плохой супруга должен остать в Lenzerheide с дет.

В случае Toni Hagen, однако, он показалось, что был бродяжничая душой, даже в зиме его жизни, тратя половину его времени в швейцарских Alps и другую половину в Гималаях. Он был одним из последних living заверителей secretive Непала средние века. Он вошел королевство одновременно с было  € land⠀ â запрещенным œ в предыдущих fifties. Как первый иноплеменник имел свобода перемещать в Непал как он угодил, OBLASTи посещенные Hagen которые все еще запрещены большинств людям даже сегодня. Большинств почитатели Toni Hagen могут осмотреть его жизнь и опыты ⠘ € â пленки кольцо ™ € Buddha.â будет melange первоначально отснятого материала от fifties, транспарантов цвета от его книги на геологии Непала, и телезритель получает идею королевства Непала и своих людей. Когда я увидел пленку, я имел uneasy ощупывание которое он говорил goodbye к нам всем.

With the passage of time, Toni Hagen изменило его профессию от геологии к развити-работает, и он глубоки был отнесен о проблемах помощи в целях развития, своих успехов и отказов not only в Непале но также в много других стран. Люди интересовали его больше чем стратиграфические образования. В книге опубликованной Unesco, dealing with проблемы ˜ € â socio-economic ™ € Nepalâ он упомянул проекты развития в Непале и сказал что ™ € prophesyâ катастрофы ˜ € â экологическое которое он сделал в предыдущем ˜ € â fifties имеет ое ™ € trueâ и talk about пионерская работа в геологическом изыскании Непала от 1960 до 1970, и написал о его новом выпуске ™ € Nepal⠘ € â и самолюбиво упомянул что было четвертым ˜ € â варианта без любого ™ € changesâ, и после того как он вызван его стандартной работой на Непале, который деиствительно он.

Он принял наслаждение в факте что Всемирный Банк остановил проект Arun CIII в спасибо Непала его усилия и соединенный лоббировать on the part of экологическая организация Urgewalt, Др. Hermann Warth, и политические части от ndnis 90 ¼ SPD, BÃ, зеленые цвета и PDS в влиять на немецкое правительство, в дополнение к решению нового президента Джеймс Wolfensohn и заверения Всемирного Банка тогдашнего премьер-министра Adhikary. После того как решение Всемирного Банка для того чтобы не профинансировать проект запруды, его было принято для granted that 235 миллионов метки от немецкой стороны были set aside для других более малых проектов. Arun CIII наблюдалось в Германии как haywire пойденное развити-политиками.

˜ что Непалу, ™ € ⠀ â, котор он усилил, ˜ € â не проектами дорог-здания а неподдельными и действенная помощь в сельскохозяйственном секторе. Что Непалу не будет атомными заводами но ™ € water-works.â и он ™ t € wasnâ утомлянное упоминать, с чувством гордости, что его король Birendra высочества прочитал его старые рапорты и попросил он его мнение относительно развития ™ s € Nepalâ оптимального.

˜ € â будет оно слишком последнее для моей страны? ™ € â был вопрос спрошенный королем Birendra, он сказал, и в таком же дыхании он выразил его восхищение для короля Nepalese. Он был мнения что конституционная монархия и непрерывность ˜ € â необходимы для выживания ™ s € Nepalâ, ™ € â и хвалил преимущества децентрализацией, которая согласно ему, центральная характеристика народовластия и важна в каждый случай включая запланирование будет ли заводы или туризм ™ s € itâ гидроелектрические. В тех днях, единственное давление которое Непал имел по мере того как властительское положение было от Индии в связи с рассогласованиями торговлей и переходом. Времена изменяли и угроза от внутри, in the form of maoists, и не от снаружи.

Toni Hagen сказало, развитие ˜ € â должно прийти от ™ € grassroots.â, котор он наградил название персоны € â различенной ˜ ™ € Kathmandu Cityâ на 15th из июня 1995 мэром га-н Kathmandu. P.L. Singh, которое также представило ему ключа к городу. На этот случай Toni Hagen пошел на показатель как говорить ˜ € â несмотря на отказ некоторых политиканов и партии, свобода слова, отжимать-свобода, multiparty система и роль противовключения в парламенте остают самым важным trait новой системы в политике NepaleÂse.

Непал можно разделить в 7 зон: Terai, холмы Siwalik, горы Mahabharat (Lekh), Непал Midlands, Гималаи, внутренние Гималаи и тибетские предельные горы. И согласно Toni Hagen система реки существовала прежде чем Гималаи Непала come into существование. Реки Himalayan высекли исполинские gorges. Согласно ему было бы соотвествующе если Midlands не были проигнорированы сегодня. Почти lamentably он сказал что urwald terai, primeval пуща, не существовало больше и talk about Всемирный Банк и проект ™ s € governmentâ Nepalese устанавливая людей от холмов к terai.

От terai к холмам вы имеете в восходщем порядке культивирования урожая: рис, пшеница, маис, пшено, картошки и злаковик. Пшеница будет относительно новым урожаем в Непале. Он нашел мягкий зеленый виток в гостеприимсве Kathmandu, но в то же самое время он указал к факту что населенность подняла в последнюю декаду на alarming tempo, и вызвала его ™ и неудачей € schlimm⠘ € â достаточно. Непал, in comparison to другие азиатские страны, имеет 5 людей в hectre ™ € landâ, он сказал и ˜ € â обладает самой большой концентрацией ™ € densityâ населенности.

И после этого он начал talk about размывание почвы. От terai на gangetic-уровне до высоты 1800m вы имеете террасы риса и от там up to 3000m вы имеете KampfÂzone (сражени-зону) для существования и над тем вы имеете, до высоты 3500m, пущи with increasing размывание и после этого злаковики в OBLASTях Гималаев. Он point out что крутые террасы привели к в размывании почвы причиненном людскими существованиями. Выход в hectre уменьшал и земля для культивирования также уменьшала.

Насколько terai, его prognosis был что он произведет излишную еду на декада, и упоминал что большая часть из еды пошла к Индии, потому что торговцы в равнинах предложили более лучшие цены и инфраструктура перехода находились уже там в форме хороших railways и дорог.

В terai грунтовые воды можно достигнуть на глубине 2 метров. Terai, с своей почвой богатые люди россыпной, было в состоянии быть начато в мозол-камеру Непала, much like Пенджаб в Индии. И Непал не должен ехпортировать свой рис к Индии только сдержать его для спросов на внутреннем рынке в королевстве. Он сотрясал его головку и сказал, ™ s € It⠘ € â легкое, но оно функция ™ t € doesnâ. Мы можем иметь остаток в настоящее время но вопрос ли мы можем keep up эта продукция или не? ™ € â

, котор хуторянин необходимо помочь был его аргумент. Toni Hagen впустило он ™ t € didnâ имеет recipe патента для проблем Непала. Хуторянин были проигнорированы в Непале согласно Toni Hagen (так в Taiwan и Нигерии). Он пожаловался что помощь другого государства до тех пор пока 1976 не проинвестировать деньг главным образом в проектах дорог-конструкции была тягчайшей ошибкой, потому что она всосали вверх по последним запасам Непала.

Непал как очень больной пациент. Multilateral и двухсторонние агенства помощи на правительственном и неправительственном уровне впрыскивали чужие наличные деньги и материал в Непал, и результат что была ослабена очень экономическая структура. Сумма США 552.8 миллиона была возвращена к Непалу без VSех видимых изменений в экономической структуре страны и создавала помощ-индустрию в corrupt middlemen зарабатывают хорошее прожитие. Массы ™ s € countryâ терпят stoically, по мере того как они делали в течении столетий на руках других правителей. Chakari, семейственность и развращение справедливые как rampant в столб-демократической эре как в прошлом.

Его необходимо заметить, он сказал, что над 90% из Nepalese населенность живет на земледелии. Наиболее высокий приоритет далось к переходу, после этого земледелию и последн энергии. Other way round было бы более лучшим на длиннем - бег.

Он держал pedagogic перст и reminded одному Непалу страна с самым большим гидроэлектрическим потенциалом в мире. ˜ € â даже подпирает в fifties, котор я предложил к правительству для того чтобы развить энергию. Некоторые должностные лица сосчитали его как ˜ € â ОН назад в его думать, ™ € â и согласно ему чужое exÂchange было расточительствовано на никудышных термально проектах энергии.

Тогда как населенность Непала в 1950 была 8 миллионов, в 1988 она была 17.5 миллионов. Сегодня ™ s € itâ 27 миллионов. И тогда как средние жизненные ожидания в 1950 были 26 лет, Nepalese теперь может жить для того чтобы быть от 40 до 50 лет старых if not больше. Малария была rampant в 1950 с 3 миллиона случаями, и в eighties, котор малария, которая была подуманы, что была искоренена, делала comeback потому что москиты ˜ € â будут ™ € immuneâ. Тогда как были 2.5 миллионов домашние животные в 1962, находятся над 3.2 миллиона these days. И тогда как были 6.4 миллиона гектары пущи в 1950, она была уменьшена к половине, namely 3.2 гектарам в 1982. И тогда как неграмотность в 1950 была 98%, 1976 почти 77% мальчиков (и девушок 25%) пошло через принудительную начальную школу. И как для медицинских аспектов, 50% больше докторов Nepalese сконцентрированы в долине Kathmandu чем в другом месте в королевстве. Из-за войны между Maoists и войсками правительства и полициями было неуклонное снижение (38%) в туристе с 1998. И больше чем 13 000 Nepalese умерли в схватке для силы. Это появилось бы как кошмар к Toni Hagen, которое имело другое изображение Непала в его ” € mindâ corrupt, только мирной и веротерпимому. Живет и препятствовало в реальном маштабе времени было общее соображение жизни. Сегодня ™ s € itâ в реальном маштабе времени и препятствовало плашке.

Тариф людей оставляя сельские районы был 3% в 1951 in comparison to 12% в 1982. Рисунки и перспективности продукции урожая согласно швейцарскому экспертному взгляду хмурому с дефицитом в годе 2000, начиная уже в предыдущем с убывающим тренд.

К вопросу о швейцарской дороге в Jiri, которое было похвалено в немецком TV как экологический и технически шедевр, он сказал: неправильно положенное ™ s € It⠘ € â наилучшим образом построенное, но (falsch Angelegt). Ни он имел словами хваления для дороги Непал-Индии, ни для хайвея Kathmandu-Lhasa, которые были большие feats инженерства. Tribhuvan Rajpath соединяя Непал при Индия (построенная в 1956) было очень плох из-за размывания вдоль сторон дороги. Он вызвал его ˜ € â ужасное ™ € constructionâ. Тем временем дорога открыта для движения.

˜ € â в ™ s € thereâ помощи в целях развития всегда неправильное облечение. Помощ-дарители хотели сделать too much в Непале. То было ™ € problemâ, говорит Toni Hagen.

На 11th из апреля 1996 было двудневное конференция в Paris, первый ™ € Groupâ помощи Непала ˜ € â из своего вида с 1992. Участвуя 13 donor нации были: Канада, Дания, Финляндия, Франция, Германия, Италия, япония, Голландия, Норвегия, Saudi развитие Fond, Швейцария, Великобритания, США, в дополнение к различным организациям международных финансов. Саммит даренный для помощи 1996-97 периода worth US$ 993 миллиона к Непалу.

Тогдашнее Др. министра финансов Nepalese. Утрамбуйте Sharan сказанное Mahat, ˜ € â, котор встреча в Paris доказывала что дарител-нации показывают позицию в духе готовности к сотрудничеству к Непалу. GLAVNые пункты эти страны пожаловались около были: постоянн вывешивать правительственных чиновников, их morale и задерживает в вывешивать и переходах гражданских служащих включенных в технических разработках. Помощ-дарители предложили что цены общественной службы должны быть ориентированы к себестоимости и подчеркнули необходимость контролировать rampant ™ € corruptionâ.

Другой текущей тенденцией в помощи в целях развития от Europe будет эта помощь ˜ € â к ™ € Собственной личности-Helpâ especiÂally от немцев. В полученном Непале 1995 29.3 миллиона немецким меткам для проектов и программ финансовохозяйственного и технически сотрудничества (FZ & TZ). Финансовохозяйственное сотрудничество включает семь-запланирование, инфраструктуру дороги и biogas проектируют.

Toni Hagen сказало, ˜ € â Nepalese, for instance, засадить валы и внимательность для их на 5 лет. Монолитно проекты были бы хороши для ™ € Nepalâ и шли бы дальше talk about большие проекты с девизом: ˜ € â отсутствие деньг, отсутствие ™ € waterâ в других странах. Большими организациями стран богатые люди имеют серии деньг для проектов развития но как деньг была проинвестирована было другое дело. В его книге на проблемах развития он проанализировал 230 проектов развития, и согласно ему в сельских районах только малые проекты имеют шанс выдержать.

Он закавычил сельчанина сказанн, ˜ € â мое село имеет выдержанные настолько много ™ € projectsâ развития. Оно делает хорошее для того чтобы принести села в развивающаяся страна к самомоднейшим уровням?

Даже швейцарские села come into быть через laborious процессы разработки над длинними периодами истории. Непал пытается уловить вверх с начатым миром в пределах немного декад. ™ s € Thereâ также вопрос потери тождественности из-за помощи в целях развития. Мир ™ s € Toni Hagenâ существовал во время дней Hippie-счастливых и Цветк-силы, потому что не было знаков militant maoists в тех днях. Я вспоминаю визитера от Англии, которая перемещала с его side-kick от южной Индии, которая сказанн, ˜ € â в детях Непала даже могу погулять вокруг countryside без страха быть molested или abducted. Nepalese будет таким чудесным ™ € people.â сегодня, родители думало бы дважды прежде чем они препятствуют их детям кочевать около в Непале.

Во время моих Tri дней коллежа Chandra, коммунистические студенты пришли от Doti, Silgadi и Dharan и имели стога словесности быть penned Ким спетым Il, Ленин, Marx и Красные книги ™ s € Maoâ, совсем сделали имеющеся соответственно культурными центрами этих коммунистических стран в Kathmandu. Никто подняло бровь, потому что эти книги были имеющееся каждым, даже на магазинах Sajha Kathmandu и в другом месте. Сегодня maoists распространяли от Rukum и далекого запада но также в Kathmandu. Educated работая мать от Kathmandu, с PhD от Германии, написала недавн к мне, ˜ € â представляет как жизнь в Kathmandu, из-за corrupt политиканов. Right now будут блокады улицы, фактическ экономические блокады вокруг Kathmandu наведенного Maoists, рынк-цена продовольственные товары имеют пойденный милый максимум. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Miteinander, Samenhorigheid, Één Natie, Één Wereld
Automatically translated into Dutch thanks to WorldLingo
Let⠀ ™ s samen Levend, ondanks de Verschillen (Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

ik kwam de leeftijden van Toni Hagen geleden in Freiburg samen waar he⠀ ™ D komt om een bespreking over Nepal te geven, en ik moet zeggen hij een heel goede indruk maakte. Als oude Freiburger, ging ik met hem naar een lokale herberg dichtbij Schwabentor voor een swig van Duits bier. ⠀ ˜ I⠀ ™ ve reiste te voet 14.000 km in Nepal⠀ ™ bovengenoemde Toni Hagen, een soft-spoken, zilverachtig-haired Zwitsers-Geoloog die nu 89 jaar zou zijn, hadn⠀ ™ t Yamaraj vroeger wenkte hem. Hij had dat typische accent Schwyzerdeutsch, en hij hield van aan zijn dagen in Nepal in de vroege jaren '50 als zijn het wandelen ⠀ ˜ jaren te denken, ⠀ ™ voor zoals de douane in Zwitserland en Duitsland, wanneer Re you⠀ ™ door met het leren van uw handel is u op een avontuurlijke reis strevend naar deskundigheid binnen zo vele steden en landen aangezien mogelijk inscheept alvorens u onderaan één of andere plaats regelt. Zijn slechte vrouw moest in Lenzerheide met de kinderen blijven.

In het geval van Toni Hagen, echter, scheen hij een het wandelen ziel, zelfs in de winter van zijn leven te zijn, doorbrengend de helft van zijn tijd in de Zwitserse Alpen en de andere helft in het Himalayagebergte. Hij was één van de laatste levende getuigen van gesloten Nepal van de MiddenLeeftijden. Hij ging het Koninkrijk in op een tijdstip waarop het een ⠀ œ verboden land⠀  in de vroege jaren '50 was. Als de eerste vreemdeling die de vrijheid van het reizen in Nepal had aangezien hij tevredenstelde, bezocht Hagen gebieden die aan de meeste mensen zelfs vandaag nog verboden zijn. De meeste bewonderaars van Toni Hagen kunnen zijn leven en ervaringen in de film ⠀ ˜ bekijken de Ring van Buddha.⠀ ™ het melange van origineel filmmateriaal van de jaren '50, kleurentransparantie van zijn boek op de geologie van Nepal is, en de kijker krijgt een idee van het Koninkrijk van Nepal en zijn volkeren. Toen ik de film zag, had ik het moeilijke gevoel dat hij vaarwel aan ons allen zei.

Naarmate de tijd verstrijkt, veranderde Toni Hagen zijn beroep van het de geologie ontwikkeling-werk, en hij was diep bezorgd over de problemen van ontwikkelingshulp, zijn successen en mislukkingen niet alleen in Nepal maar ook in veel andere landen. De mensen interesseerden hem meer dan de stratigrafische vormingen. In een boek dat door Unesco wordt gepubliceerd, die de sociaal-economische problemen ⠀ ˜ van Nepal⠀ ™ behandelt vermeldde hij de ontwikkelingsprojecten in Nepal en zei dat de ⠀ ˜ ecologische catastrofe prophesy⠀ ™ die hij in de vroege jaren '50 ⠀ ˜ maakte true⠀ ™ is gekomen en over het pionierswerk in het geologische onderzoek van Nepal vanaf 1960 tot 1970 gesproken, en schreef over zijn nieuwe uitgave van ⠀ ˜ Nepal⠀ ™ en vermeldde trots dat het een vierde uitgave ⠀ ˜ zonder enige changes⠀ ™ was, en riep het het standaardwerk aangaande Nepal, dat inderdaad het is.

Hij vergde verrukking in het feit dat de Wereldbank Arun III project dankzij in Nepal tegenhield zijn inspanningen en het verenigde lobbyen namens de ecologische organisatie Urgewalt, Dr. Hermann Warth, en de politieke fracties van SPD, BÃ ¼ ndnis 90, Greens en PDS in het beïnvloeden van de Duitse overheid, naast het besluit van de nieuwe Wereldbank voorzitter James Wolfensohn en de bewering van de toenmalige eerste minister Adhikary. Na het Besluit van de Wereldbank om het damproject niet te financieren, werd het genomen voor verleend dat de 235 miljoen tekens van de Duitse kant voor andere kleinere projecten worden terzijde gelegd. Arun III werd waargenomen in Duitsland als ontwikkeling-politiek haywire gegaan.

⠀ ˜ Welk Nepal nodig heeft, ⠀ ™ die hij heeft beklemtoond, is ⠀ ˜ wegenaanlegprojecten maar geen echte en efficiënte hulp in de landbouwsector. Welke behoeften van Nepal atoominstallaties maar geenworks.⠀ ™ en hij wasn⠀ ™ t vermoeiden van het vermelden, met een betekenis van trots zijn, dat Zijn Koning Birendra van de Majesteit zijn oude rapporten had gelezen en hem om zijn advies betreffende de optimale ontwikkeling van Nepal⠀ ™ s gevraagd.

⠀ ˜ is het te laat voor mijn land? ⠀ ™ was de vraag die door Koning Birendra, zei hij, wordt gesteld en in de zelfde adem drukte hij zijn bewondering voor de Nepalese Koning uit. Hij was van mening dat de constitutionele monarchie ⠀ ˜ en de continuïteit essentieel voor de overleving van Nepal⠀ ™ s, ⠀ ™ zijn en de voordelen van decentralisatie prijsten, die volgens hem, is een centraal kenmerk van democratie en is belangrijk voor elk geval dat plannings hetzij it⠀ ™ s hydro-elektrische installaties impliceert of toerisme. In die dagen, de enige druk die Nepal als soevereine staat had was van India met betrekking tot de handel en doorgangsmeningsverschillen. De tijden zijn veranderd en de bedreiging is binnen van, in de vorm van maoists, en niet van zonder.

Toni bovengenoemd Hagen, Ontwikkeling ⠀ ˜ moet uit grassroots.⠀ ™ komen hij de titel van ˜ Voorname Persoon ⠀ van Katmandu City⠀ ™ op 15 van Juni 1995 door de burgemeester van M. van Katmandu werd toegekend. P.L. Singh, die hem ook een sleutel aan de stad voorstelde. Bij deze gelegenheid Toni ging Hagen op verslag als het zeggen van ⠀ ˜ ondanks de mislukking van sommige politici en partijen, vrijheid van toespraak, pers-vrijheid, blijven multiparty systeem en de rol van de oppositie in het parlement de belangrijkste trek van het nieuwe systeem in politiek NepaleÂse.

Nepal kan in zeven streken worden verdeeld: Terai, de Heuvels Siwalik, de Bergen Mahabharat (Lekh), Nepal de Midlands, het Himalayagebergte, het BinnenHimalayagebergte en de Tibetan marginale bergen. En volgens Toni Hagen bestond het riviersysteem alvorens Nepal Himalayagebergte in bestaan kwam. De rivieren Himalayan sneden gigantische kloven. Volgens hem zou het aangewezen zijn als de Midlands niet vandaag werden genegeerd. Bijna zei hij lamentably dat terai urwald, ongerept bos, niet meer bestond en sprak over de Wereldbank en het Nepalese government†™ s- project van het regelen van mensen van de heuvels aan terai.

Van terai aan de heuvels hebt u in het stijgen orde van gewassencultuur: rijst, tarwe, maïs, gierst, aardappels en weide. De tarwe is een vrij nieuw gewas in Nepal. Hij vond de zachte groene revolutie in het onthaal van Katmandu, maar tezelfdertijd richtte hij aan het feit dat de bevolking in het laatste decennium bij een alarmerend tempo was toegenomen, en het ⠀ ˜ schlimm⠀ ™ en slecht genoeg geroepen. Nepal, in vergelijking met andere Aziatische landen, heeft vijf personen per hectre van land⠀ ™, zei hij en ⠀ ˜ bezit de grootste concentratie van bevolking density⠀ ™.

En toen begon hij om over de gronderosie te spreken. Van terai op het gangetic-niveau upto een hoogte van 1800m hebt u rijstterrassen en van daar tot 3000m hebt u KampfÂzone (battle-zone) voor bestaan en boven dat hebben u, tot een verhoging van 3500m, bossen met stijgende erosie en dan weiden in de gebieden van Himalayagebergte. Hij wees erop dat de steile terrassen in gronderosie resulteerden die door mensen wordt veroorzaakt. De opbrengst per hectre was verminderd en het land voor cultuur was ook verminderd.

Wat betreft terai, was zijn prognose dat het surplusvoedsel voor een decennium zou produceren, en vermeldde dat het grootste deel van het voedsel naar India gingen, omdat boden aan de handelaren in de vlaktes waren de betere prijzen en de vervoerinfrastructuur reeds daar in vorm van goede spoorwegen en wegen.

In terai kan het grondwater bij een diepte van 2 meter worden bereikt. Terai, met zijn rijke alluviale grond, zou tot de graan-kamer van Nepal, heel erg zoals Punjab in India kunnen worden ontwikkeld. En Nepal zou niet zijn rijst naar India moeten uitvoeren maar houdt het voor binnenlandse eisen in het Koninkrijk. Hij schudde zijn hoofd en zei, ⠀ ˜ gemakkelijke It⠀ ™ s, maar het doesn⠀™ t functie. Wij kunnen een surplus op het ogenblik hebben maar is de vraag of wij deze productie kunnen of niet omhoog houden? ⠀ ™

de landbouwers moeten worden geholpen waren zijn argument. Toni Hagen liet toe hij didn⠀ ™ t een octrooirecept voor de problemen van Nepal heeft. De landbouwers waren genegeerd in Nepal volgens Toni Hagen (niet zo in Taiwan en Niger). Hij klaagde dat de Buitenlandse Hulp tot 1976 meestal geld in weg-bouw projecten dat een ernstige fout was, voor het omhoog gezogen de laatste reserves van Nepal investeerde.

Nepal is als een zeer zieke patiënt. De multilaterale en bilaterale hulpagentschappen op het regerings en niet-gouvernementele niveau hebben buitenlands contant geld en materiaal in Nepal ingespoten, en het resultaat is dat de zeer economische structuur is verzwakt. Een som van de V.S. werd 552.8 miljoen overgebracht naar Nepal zonder enige zichtbare veranderingen in de economische structuur van het land en heeft tot de hulp-industrie geleid waarin de corrupte tussenpersonen het goede leven verdienen. De country†™ s massa's lijden stoically, aangezien zij door de eeuwen bij de handen van andere heersers hebben gedaan. Chakari, het nepotisme en de corruptie zijn enkel ongebreideld zo in de post-democratische era zoals in het verleden.

Men moet, zei hij, opmerken dat boven 90% van de Nepalese bevolking op landbouw leeft. Eerste voorrang werd verleend aan vervoer, toen landbouw en ten slotte energie. Andersom zou beter op lange termijn geweest zijn.

Hij hield een pedagogische vinger en herinnerde eraan één Nepal een land met het grootste hydro-elektrische potentieel in de wereld is. ⠀ ˜ zelfs terug in de jaren '50 die ik aan de overheid heb voorgesteld energie te ontwikkelen. Sommige ambtenaren beschouwden hem achteruit als ⠀ ˜ in zijn het denken, werd ⠀ ™ en volgens hem buitenlandse exÂchange verspild op nutteloze thermische energieprojecten.

Terwijl de bevolking van Nepal in 1950 8 miljoen was, in 1988 was het 17.5 miljoen. Vandaag it⠀ ™ s 27 miljoen. En terwijl de gemiddelde het levensverwachting in 1950 26 jaar was, kan een Nepalees nu leven om 40 te zijn tot 50 jaar oud als niet meer. De malaria was ongebreideld in 1950 met 3 miljoen gevallen, en in de de jaren '80malaria, die werd verondersteld uitgeroeid te zijn, heeft gemaakt een terugkeer omdat de muggen ⠀ ˜ immune⠀ ™ zijn. Terwijl er 2.5 miljoen huisdieren in 1962 waren, zijn er meer dan 3.2 deze dagen miljoen. En terwijl er 6.4 miljoen hectaren van bos in 1950 waren, werd het verminderd tot de helft, namelijk 3.2 hectaren in 1982. En terwijl het analfabetisme in 1950 98% was, tegen 1976 bijna 77% van de jongens (en 25% meisjes) door verplichte primaire school was gegaan. En zoals voor de medische aspecten, 50% zijn de Meer Nepalese artsen geconcentreerd in de Vallei van Katmandu dan nergens anders in het Koninkrijk. wegens de oorlog tussen Maoists en de de overheidstroepen en politie is er een regelmatige daling (38%) in de toerist sinds 1998 geweest. En meer dan 13 000 Nepalees zijn in de strijd voor macht gestorven. Dit zou als nightmare aan Toni Hagen verschenen zijn, die een ander beeld van Nepal in zijn corrupte had, maar vreedzaam en verdraagzame mind⠀ ”. Leef en laat levend was de het levensfilosofie. Vandaag liet levende it⠀ ™ s en matrijs.

Het tarief mensen die de plattelandsgebieden verlaten was 3% in 1951 in vergelijking met 12% in 1982. De de gewassenproductiecijfers en vooruitzichten volgens de Zwitserse deskundige kijken somber met een tekort in het jaar 2000, die reeds in vroeg met een benedenwaartse tendens begint.

Aan een vraag over de Zwitserse weg in Jiri, die in Duitse TV als ecologisch en technisch meesterwerk was geprijst, zei hij: ⠀ ˜ verkeerd goed gebouwde, maar gelegde It⠀ ™ s (falsch Angelegt). Noch had hij woorden van lof voor de weg Nepal-India, noch voor de weg Katmandu-Lhasa, die grote techniekprestatieen waren. Tribhuvan Rajpath die Nepal verbindt aan India (dat in 1956 wordt gebouwd) was zeer slecht wegens erosie langs de kanten van de weg. Hij riep het een ⠀ ˜ vreselijke construction⠀ ™. Ondertussen is de weg open voor verkeer.

⠀ ˜ in ontwikkelingshulp there⠀ ™ s altijd een verkeerde investering. De hulp-donors wilden teveel in Nepal doen. Dat was problem⠀ ™, zegt Toni Hagen.

Op 11 van April 1996 was er een tweedaagse conferentie van Group⠀ van de †˜ Nepal Hulp ™ in Parijs, eerste van zijn soort sinds 1992. De deelnemende 13 donornaties waren: Canada, Denemarken, Finland, Frankrijk, Duitsland, Italië, Japan, Holland, Noorwegen, Saoedi-arabische Ontwikkeling Dierbaar, Zwitserland, het UK, de V.S., naast diverse internationale financiënorganisaties. De top die voor de periode 1996-97 hulp met een waarde van US$ 993 miljoen aan Nepal wordt verleend.

Toenmalig Nepalees Minister van FinanciënDr. De ram Sharan bovengenoemde Mahat, heeft ⠀ ˜ de vergadering in Parijs bewezen dat de donor-naties een behulpzame houding ten opzichte van Nepal tonen. De belangrijkste punten deze landen waarklaagden over waren: het constante posten van de overheidswerknemers, hun het dalen moreel en vertraging in het posten en de overdrachten van de ambtenaren nam in de ontwikkelingswerk in dienst. De hulp-donors stelden voor dat de prijzen van de openbare dienst aan de daadwerkelijke kosten zouden moeten worden georiënteerd en benadrukten de noodzaak om ongebreidelde corruption⠀ ™ te controleren.

Een andere huidige tendens in ontwikkelingshulp van Europa is deze Hulp ⠀ ˜ aan zelf-Help⠀ ™ especiÂally van de Duitsers. In 1995 ontving Nepal 29.3 miljoen Duitse Mark voor de projecten en de programma's van de financiële en technische samenwerking (FZ & TZ). De financiële samenwerking impliceert familie-plant, een weginfrastructuur en een biogasproject.

Toni bovengenoemd Hagen, ⠀ ˜ de Nepalees, bijvoorbeeld, zou bomen en zorg moeten planten voor hen vijf jaar. De integrale projecten zouden goed voor Nepal⠀ ™ zijn en gingen over grote projecten met motto spreken: ⠀ ˜ Geen geld, geen water⠀ ™ in andere landen. De grote organisaties van rijke landen hebben veel geld voor ontwikkelingsprojecten maar hoe het geld werd geïnvesteerda waren een andere kwestie. In zijn boek op ontwikkelingsproblemen analyseerde hij 230 ontwikkelingsprojecten, en volgens hem op plattelandsgebieden slechts hebben de kleine projecten een kans te overleven.

Hij citeerde villager die zei, ⠀ ˜ Mijn dorp zo vele ontwikkeling projects⠀ ™ heeft overleefd. Doet het goed de dorpen in ontwikkelingslanden op moderne niveaus brengen?

Zelfs zijn de Zwitserse dorpen door afmattende ontwikkelingsprocessen over lange periodes van geschiedenis tot stand gekomen. Nepal probeert om de ontwikkelde wereld binnen een paar decennia in te halen. There⠀ ™ s ook de kwestie van verlies van identiteit toe te schrijven aan ontwikkelingshulp. Wereld van Toni Hagen⠀ ™ s er bestond tijdens hippie-Gelukkige en de bloem-Macht dagen, voor waren er geen tekens van militante maoists in die dagen. Ik herinner een bezoeker van Engeland, dat met zijn zij-schop van Zuid-India reiste, dat zei, ⠀ ˜ in de kinderen van Nepal zelfs kan rond het platteland zonder vrees lopen om worden lastig gevallen of ontvoerd. De Nepalees is vandaag zulk een prachtige people.⠀ ™, zouden de ouders tweemaal denken alvorens zij hun kinderen ongeveer in Nepal laten zwerven.

Tijdens mijn Tridagen van de Universiteit Chandra, kwamen de communistische studenten uit Doti, Silgadi en Dharan en hadden stapels van literatuur die door Gezongen Kim IL - wordt opgesloten, de rode boeken van Lenin, van Marx en van Mao⠀ ™ s, alle ter beschikking gesteld door de respectieve culturele centra van deze communistische landen in Katmandu. Niemand hief een wenkbrauw op, want deze boeken beschikbare elk, zelfs bij de winkels Sajha van Katmandu en elders waren. Vandaag hebben maoists van Rukum en het Verre Westen maar ook in Katmandu uitgespreid. Een opgeleide werkende moeder van Katmandu, met PhD van Duitsland, onlangs aan schreef me, veronderstelt ⠀ ˜ hoe het leven in Katmandu is, wegens de corrupte politici. Op dit ogenblik zijn er straatblokkades, eigenlijk economische blokkades rond Katmandu die door Maoists worden opgelegd, is de markt-prijs van voedselgoederen vrij hoog gegaan. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

[ميتينندر], [توجثرنسّ], واحدة أمة, واحدة عالم
Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo
[لت] € ™ [س] حيّة معا, على الرغم من الفروق ([ستيس] [شروفّ], [فريبورغ])

التقى أنا [توني] هاغن أعمار [أغو] في [فريبورغ] حيث [ه] € ™ [د] يأتي أن يعطي [تلك بووت] نيبال, وأنا ينبغي قلت هو جعل إنطباع مرحة جيّدة. ك [فريبورجر] [لونغ-تيم], ذهب أنا مع ه إلى حانة محلّية قرب [سكهوبنتور] ل [سويغ] من جعة ألمانيّة. € ˜ [إي] € ™ سافر [ف] 14,000 [كم] [أن فووت] في [نبل] € ™ يقال [توني] هاغن, [سفت-سبوكن], [سويسّ-جولوجست] [سلفر-هيرد] الذي كان 89 سنون الآن, [هدن] € ™ [ت] [يمرج] ومأه [إرلير]. هو تلقّى أنّ نموذجيّة [سكهوزرديوتسكه] نبرة, وأحبّ هو أن يفكّر من أيامه في نيبال في الالخمسينات مبكّرة ك ه € ˜ يتجوّل سنون, € ™ ل بما أنّ العادة في سويسرا وألمانيا, عندما [يوو] € ™ [ر] كلّيّا مع يعلم تجارتك أنت تركب على مغامرة رحلة يبحث خبرة في [أس مني] مدائن وبلاد بما أنّ يمكن قبل أنت يقرّر إلى أسفل بعض مكان. زوجته فقيرة اضطرّ بقيت في [لنزرهيد] مع الأطفال.

[إين ث كس وف] [توني] هاغن, مهما, بدا هو أن يكون يتجوّل روح, حتّى في الشتاء من حياته, ينفق نصف من وقفه في الالألب سويسريّة وال [أثر هلف] في ال [هيملس]. هو كان واحدة من الشواهد متأخّرة حيّة من نيبال كتومة من الأعمار متوسّطة. هو دخل المملكة [أت ا تيم وهن] كان هو € œ يمنع [لند] €  في الالخمسينات مبكّرة. كالأجنبية أولى الذي تلقّى الحرية من يسافر في نيبال ك سرّ هو, هاغن يزار مناطق أيّ يكون بعد منعت أن كثير الناس حتّى اليوم. كثير [توني] هاغن معجبات يستطيع شاهدت حياته وخبرات في الفيلم € ˜ الحلقة من [بودّه.] € ™ هو خليط من أصليّة فيلم مادة من الالخمسينات, لوح شفافية من كتابه على الجيولوجية نيبال, ويحصل المشاهدة فكرة من المملكة من نيبال و [بيوبلس] ه. عندما رأى أنا الفيلم, أنا تلقّيت ال يضيق إحساس أنّ هو كان قال وداعا إلى نا كلّ.

[ويث ث بسّج وف تيم], غيّر [توني] هاغن مهنته من جيولوجية إلى [دفلوبمنت-وورك], وهو كان بعمق تعلّقت حول المشاكل من [دفلوبمنت يد], نجاحاته وإخفاقات ليس فحسب في نيبال غير أنّ أيضا في كثير أخرى بلاد. همّه الالناس أكثر من التشكيلات طبقاتيّة. في كتاب ينشر ب ال [أونسك], يعالج مع ال € ˜ مشاكل [سسو-كنوميك] من [نبل] € ™ ذكر هو التطوير مشاريع في نيبال وقال أنّ ال € ˜ بيتيّة كارثة [بروفس] € ™ أنّ هو جعل في المبكّرة الخمسينات € ˜ يتلقّى يؤتى [ترو] € ™ و [تلك بووت] العمل رياديّة في الفحص جيولوجيّة نيبال من 1960 حتّى 1970, وكتب حول [نو ديأيشن] ه من € ˜ [نبل] € ™ وباعتزاز ذكر أنّ هو كان رابعة طبعة € ˜ دون أيّ [شنجس] € ™, ويدعو هو عمل معياريّة على نيبال, أيّ حقّا هو يكون.

هو أخذ بهجة في الحقيقة أنّ توقّف ال [وورلد بنك] [أرون] [إييي] مشروع في نيبال شكور إلى جهوده وال يوحّد يضغط [أن ث برت وف] المنظمة بيئيّة [أورجولت], [در.]. [هرمنّ] [ورث], والكسور سياسيّة من ال [سبد], [ب] ¼ [ندنيس] 90, الاللون الأخضر وال [بد] في يأثر الحكومة ألمانيّة, [إين دّيأيشن تو] القرار من الجديدة [وورلد بنك] رئيس جيمس [وولفنسهن] والتأكيد من الرئيس وزراء موجود عندئذ [أدهيكري]. عقب ال [وورلد بنك] أخذت قرار لا أن يموّل السد مشروع, هو كان ل [غرنتد ثت] ال 235 مليون علامات من الجانب ألمانيّة كنت رصدت لأخرى مشاريع صغيرة. لاحظت [أرون] [إييي] كان في ألمانيا ك [دفلوبمنت-بوليتيكس] يذهب [هوير].

€ ˜ ما نيبال يحتاج, € ™ هو ضغط, € ليس ˜ [روأد-بويلدينغ] مشاريع غير أنّ أصليّة ومساعدة فعّالة في القطاعة زراعيّة. ما نيبال يحتاج ليس معامل ذرّيّة غير أنّ [وتر-ووركس.] € ™ وهو [وسن] € ™ [ت] يتعب من يذكر, مع إحساس الكبرياء, أنّ ه عظمة كان ملك [بيرندرا] قد قرأ تقاريره قديمة وسأله لرأيه بخصوص [نبل] € ™ [س] تطوير أفضل.

€ ˜ هو أيضا متأخّرة لبلدي? € كان ™ السؤال يسأل بملك [بيرندرا] [, ه سيد,] وفي ال نفسه نفس هو عبّر عن إعجابه ل [نبلس] ملك. هو كان من الرأي أنّ € ˜ دستوريّة مملكة وإستمرار أساسيّة ل [نبل] € ™ [س] بقاء, € ™ ومدح الميزات اللامركزيّة, أيّ وفقا ل ه, يكون صفة مركزية ديموقراطيّة ويكون مهمّة ل كلّ حالة يتضمّن تخطيط ما إذا [إيت] € ™ [س] معامل هيدروكهربائيّة أو سياحة. في أنّ أيام, الضغطة وحيدة أنّ نيبال تلقّى بما أنّ دولة مسيطرة كان من هند [إين كنّكأيشن ويث] التجارة وعمليّة عبور خلافات. قد غيّر أوقات والتهديد من من الدّاخل, [إين ث فورم وف] [مويستس], ولا من بدون.

[توني] هاغن يقال, € ˜ تطوير ينبغي أتيت من ال [غرسّرووتس.] € ™ هو كان منحت العنوان من € ˜ يميّز شخص من كاتمندو [ست] € ™ على [15ث] من يونيو - حزيران 1995 بالمحافظة من كاتمندو [مر.]. [ب.ل.]. [سن], الذي أيضا قدّمه مفتاح إلى المدينة. على هذا مناسبة [توني] ذهب هاغن على سجل ك يقول € ˜ على الرغم من الإخفاق من بعض سياسيات وأحزاب, حرية الخطبة, [برسّ-فريدوم], نظامة [مولتيبرتي] والدور من المعارضة في المجلس نواب يبقون السمة مهمّة أكثر من النظامة جديدة في [نبلس] سياسة.

نيبال يستطيع كنت قسمت داخل سبعة مناطق: [تري], [سوليك] تلال, [مهبهرت] أجبال ([لكه]), نيبال [ميدلندس], ال [هيملس], ال [هيملس] داخليّة والأجبال تيبتيّ هامشيّة. ووفقا ل [توني] هاغن النهر تواجد نظامة قبل أن نيبال [هيملس] [كم ينتو] وجود. نحت النهور [هيملن] مخانق ضخمة. وفقا ل ه كان هو مناسبة إن [ميدلندس] كان لم يتجاهلوا اليوم. تقريبا [لمنتبلي] قال هو أنّ ال [تري] [أورولد], غابة أوّليّة, لم يتواجد بعد الآن و [تلك بووت] ال [وورلد بنك] [نبلس] [غفرنمنت] € ™ [س] مشروع من يقرّر الناس من التلال إلى ال [تري].

من ال [تري] إلى التلال يتلقّى أنت في [أسندينغ وردر] ال [كروب كلتيفأيشن]: أرز, قمح, حبّ ذرة, دخن, بطاطات ومرج. قمح بروز جديدة نسبيّا في نيبال. هو أسّس الثورة ليّنة خضراء في كاتمندو ترحيب, غير أنّ [أت ث سم تيم] دلّ هو إلى الحقيقة أنّ الالسّكان كان قد ارتفع في العقد متأخّرة في درجة سرعة مثيرة, ودعا هو € ˜ [سكهليمّ] € ™ وسيّئ بكفاية. يتلقّى نيبال, [إين كمبريسن تو] أخرى بلد آسيويّ, خمسة أشخاص لكلّ [هكتر] من [لند] € ™, هو قال و € ˜ يملك التركيز كبيرة من السّكان [دنست] € ™.

وبعد ذلك بدأ هو أن [تلك بووت] التربة تأكل. من ال [تري] في ال [غنجتيك-لفل] [أوبتو] إرتفاع من [1800م] يتلقّى أنت أرز شرف ومن هناك [أوب تو] [3000م] أنت تتلقّى [كمبفزون] ([بتّل-زون]) لوجود وفوق أنّ أنت تتلقّى, حتّى إرتفاع من [3500م], غابات [ويث ينكرسنغ] تأكل وبعد ذلك مروج في هيملايا مناطق. هو أشار أنّ نتج الشرف شديد انحدار في تربة تأكل يسبّب ب [هومن بينغ]. انخفض العائد ماليّ لكلّ [هكتر] تلقّى يكون والأرض لزراعة تلقّى أيضا يكون انخفض.

[أس فر س] تعلّقت ال [تري] كان, تكهنه كان أنّ هو أنتج طعام فائضة لعقد, وذكر أنّ أكثر من الطعام ذهب إلى هند, لأنّ التجار في السهول قدّموا سعرات جيّدة وال [ترنسبورت ينفرستروكتثر] كانوا سابقا هناك في شكل من جيّدة سكّة حديديّة وطرق.

في ال [تري] ال [غرووند وتر] يستطيع كنت بلغت في عمق من 2 أمتار. ال [تري], مع [ألّوفيل سيل] ه غنيّة, استطاع كنت طوّرت داخل ال [كرن-شمبر] نيبال, أشبه [بونجب] في هند. ونيبال سوفت لا يصدق أرزه إلى هند غير أنّ حافظت هو لطلبات محلّية في المملكة. هو هزّ رأسه وقال, € ˜ [إيت] € ™ [س] يتيح, غير أنّ هو [دوسن] € ™ [ت] عمل. نحن يمكن يتلقّى فائض [أت ث مومنت] غير أنّ السؤال يكون ما إذا نحن يستطيع تماديت هذا إنتاج أو لا? € كان ™

ال [فرمرس] ينبغي كنت ساعدت حجته. اعترف [توني] هاغن هو [ديدن] € ™ [ت] يتلقّى براءة اختراع وصفة للمشاكل نيبال. تجاهلت ال [فرمرس] تلقّى يكون في نيبال وفقا ل [توني] هاغن (لا هكذا في تايوان ونيجر). هو اشتكى أنّ المساعدة خارجيّة إلى أن استثمر 1976 مال في الأغلب في [روأد-كنستروكأيشن] مشاريع أيّ كان غلطة خطيرة, لأنّ هو مصّ فوق الاحتياطيات متأخّرة نيبال.

نيبال مثل مريضة مريضة جدّا. متعدّد أطراف وثنائيّة معونة قد حقن وكالات في الحكوميّة ومستوى [نون-غفرنمنتل] أجنبيّة نقد ومادة داخل نيبال, والنتيجة أنّ ال [إكنوميك ستروكتثر] جدّا يتلقّى يكون أضعفت. [ترنسفرّد] مجموعة ال [أوس] 552.8 مليون كان إلى نيبال دون أيّ تغيرات مرئيّة في ال [إكنوميك ستروكتثر] من البلد ويخلق [أيد-يندوستري] في أيّ السماسرة فاسدة يكسبون معيشة جيّدة. ال [كونتر] € ™ [س] يعاني [مسّ] [ستويكلّي], بما أنّ هم قد أتمّوا طوال القرون في الأيادي من أخرى مساطر. [شكري], محاباة الأقارب وفساد صحيحة مثل شابّة في العصر [بوست-دموكرتيك] بما أنّ في الماض.

هو ينبغي كنت لاحظت [, ه سيد,] أنّ فوق 90% من [نبلس] يعيش السّكان على زراعة. أعطيت الأولوية أولى كان إلى نقل, بعد ذلك زراعة وأخيرا طاقة. كان ال [أثر وي رووند] جيّدة على ال [لونغ-رون].

هو أمسك إصبع تربويّة ويذكّر واحدة نيبال بلد مع الإحتمال كبير [هدرو-لكتريك] في العالم. € يساعد ˜ حتّى في الالخمسينات أنا اقترحت إلى الحكومة أن يطوّر طاقة. اعتبره بعض مسؤولات ك € ˜ عكسيّا في ه يفكّر, € ™ ووفقا ل ه [إإكسشنج] أجنبيّة كان بدّدت على نافعة حراريّة طاقة مشاريع.

حيث أنّ الالسّكان نيبال في 1950 كان 8 مليون, في 1988 كان هو 17,5 مليون. اليوم [إيت] € ™ [س] 27 مليون. وحيث أنّ ال [ليف إكسبكتنسي] متوسّطة في 1950 كان 26 سنون, [نبلس] الآن يستطيع عشت أن يكون 40 [تو] 50 [ير ولد] [إيف نوت] أكثر. ملاريا كان شابّة في 1950 مع 3 مليون حالات, وفي الثمانينات ملاريا, أيّ كان فكّرت أن يتلقّى يكون استأصلت, قد جعل عودة لأنّ ال € ˜ ناموسة يكونون [إيمّون] € ™. حيث أنّ هناك كان 2,5 مليون [دومستيك نيمل] في 1962, هناك على 3,2 مليون [ثس دس]. وحيث أنّ هناك كان 6,4 مليون هكتارات الغابة في 1950, قلّدت هو كان إلى نصف, أيّ 3,2 هكتارات في 1982. وحيث أنّ الأمية في 1950 كان 98%, ب كان 1976 تقريبا 77% من الفتية (و25% بنات) قد ذهب من خلال [بريمري سكهوول] إجباريّة. وبما أنّ للمظاهر طبيّة, ركّزت 50% كثير [نبلس] دكاترة في كاتمندو واد من [أنوهر لس] في المملكة. واجبة إلى الحرب بين ال [مويستس] والحكومة قوات وشرطة قد كان هناك انحدار ثابتة (38%) في السائحة منذ 1998. وأكثر من 13 قد مات 000 [نبلس] في الكفاح لقوة. هذا ظهر مثل كابوس إلى [توني] هاغن, الذي تلقّى آخر صورة نيبال في ه [ميند] € ” فاسدة, غير أنّ سلميّة ومتساهلة. يعيش وترك حيّة كان الحياة فلسفة. اليوم [إيت] € ترك ™ [س] حيّة وقالب.

كان المعدل الالناس يترك ال [رورل را] 3% في 1951 [إين كمبريسن تو] 12% في 1982. ال [كروب برودوكأيشن] أرقام وتوقعات وفقا ل النظرة سويسريّة خبيرة مظلمة مع عجز في السنة 2000, يبدأ سابقا في المبكّرة مع [دوونورد] اتّجاه.

إلى سؤال حول الطريق سويسريّة في [جيري], أيّ تلقّى يكون مدحت في تلفزيون ألمانيّة كبيئيّ والرائعة فنّيّة, قال هو: € ˜ [إيت] € ™ [س] [ولّ بويلت], غير أنّ خطأ يضع ([فلسكه] [أنجلغت]). لا تلقّى هو كلمات التمجيد ل [نبل-ينديا] طريق, ولا ل [كثمندو-لهسا] طريق عامّ, أيّ كان عظيمة هندسة أعمال. كان [تريبهوفن] [رجبث] يربط نيبال مع هند (يبنى في 1956) جدّا سيّئة بسبب تأكل على طول الجوانب من الطريق. هو دعا هو € ˜ رهيبة [كنستروكأيشن] € ™. [إين ث منتيم] الطريق مفتوحة لحركة مرور.

€ ˜ في [دفلوبمنت يد] [ثر] € ™ [س] دائما إستثمار خاطئة. أراد ال [أيد-دونورس] أن يتمّ [توو موش] في نيبال. أنّ كان ال [بروبلم] € ™, يقول [توني] هاغن.

على ال [11ث] من أبريل - نيسان 1996 كان هناك لمدّة يومين € ˜ نيبال معونة [غرووب] € ™ مؤتمر في باريس, الأولى من نوعه منذ 1992. ال يساهم 13 كان أمم متبرّع: كندا, دانمرك, فنلندا, فرنسا, ألمانيا, إيطاليا, اليابان, هولندا, نرويج, التطوير سعوديّة أثيرة, سويسرا, [أو.ك.], [أوسا], [إين دّيأيشن تو] مختلفة دوليّة مالية منظمات. القمة يمنح للفترة 1996-97 مساندة يساوي [أوس$] 993 مليون إلى نيبال.

الموجود عندئذ [نبلس] وزير الماليّة [در.]. يدكّ [شرن] [مهت] يقال, € ˜ الاجتماع في باريس قد برهن أنّ يبدي ال [دونور-نأيشنس] موقف تعاونيّة نحو نيبال. كان ال [مين بوينت] أنّ هذا بلاد اشتكوا حوالي: الثابتة يؤخّر يعيّن من ال [غفرنمنت مبلو], هم يغرق معنوية وال في ال يعيّن وإنتقال من ال [سفيل سرفنت] يشبك في التطوير أعمال. اقترح ال [أيد-دونورس] أنّ السعرات من ال [بوبليك سرفيس] سوفت كنت وجّهت إلى ال [أكتثل كست] وأكّد الحاجة من يضبط الشابّة [كرّوبأيشن] € ™.

آخر اتّجاه حاليّة في [دفلوبمنت يد] من أوروبا هذا € ˜ مساعدة إلى [سلف-هلب] € ™ [إسبسلّي] من الألمانيات. في 1995 نيبال يستلم 29.3 مليون علامات ألمانيّة للمشاريع وبرنامج من الماليّة وتعاون فنّيّة ([فز] & [تز]). يتضمّن التعاون ماليّة [فميل-بلنّينغ], طريق بنية أساسيّة و[بيوغس] يسلّطون.

قال [توني] هاغن, € ˜ [نبلس], [فور ينستنس], سوفت زرعت أشجار وعناية ل هم لخمسة سنون. كان مشاريع متكاملة جيّدة ل [نبل] € ™ وذهب فوق أن [تلك بووت] مشاريع كبير مع الشعار: € ˜ ما من مال, ما من [وتر] € ™ في أخرى بلاد. يتلقّى المنظمات كبيرة من بلد غنيّة حصص المال لتطوير مشاريع غير أنّ كيف المال كان استثمرت كان آخر أمر. في كتابه على تطوير مشاكل حلّل هو 230 تطوير مشاريع, ووفقا ل ه في [رورل را] فقط صغيرة مشاريع يتلقّون فرصة أن يبقى.

هو اقتبس القروية الذي يقول, € ˜ قريتي يتلقّى يبقى هكذا كثير تطوير [بروجكتس] € ™. هو يتمّ جيّدة أن يحضر القرى في [دفلوب كونتري] إلى مستويات حديثة?

حتّى قد [كم ينتو] قرى سويسريّة يكون من خلال عمليات شاقّة من تطوير على طويلا فترات التاريخ. نيبال يحاول أن يمسك فوق مع ال يطوّر عالم ضمن [ا فو] عقود. [ثر] € ™ [س] أيضا السؤال الخسارة الهوية واجبة إلى [دفلوبمنت يد]. [توني] [هجن] € ™ [س] تواجد عالم أثناء ال [هيبّي-هبّي] و [فلوور-بوور] أيام, لأنّ هناك كان ما من إشارات من [مويستس] مناضلة في أنّ أيام. أنا أتذكّر زائرة من إنكلترا, الذي كان سافر مع [سد-كيك] ه من هند جنوبيّة, الذي يقول, € ˜ في نيبال حتّى أطفال يستطيع مشيت حول الريف دون خوف من يكون يناكد أو يخطف. [نبلس] هذا رائعة [بيوبل.] € ™ اليوم, الوالدات فكّر مرّتين قبل أن يترك هم أطفالهم جلت حوالي في نيبال.

أثناء ي [تري] [شندرا] كلية أيام, أتى الطالبات شيوعيّة من [دوتي], [سلغدي] و [دهرن] وتلقّى أكوام الأدب يكتب ب [كيم] [إيل] يغنّى, [لنين], ماركس و [مو] € ™ [س] كتب حمراء, جميعا جعلوا يتوفّر ب ال [سنترس] شخصيّة ثقافيّة من هذا بلاد شيوعيّة في كاتمندو. لا أحد رفع حاجب, لأنّ كان هذا كتب يتوفّر كلّ, حتّى في [سجها] متاجر كاتمندو وفي مكان آخر. اليوم قد نشر ال [مويستس] من [روكوم] والالغرب بعيد غير أنّ أيضا في كاتمندو. كتب متعلّمة يعمل أم من كاتمندو, مع [فد] من ألمانيا, مؤخّرا إلى ي, € ˜ يتخيّل كيف حياة في كاتمندو يكون, واجبة إلى السياسيات فاسدة. حاليّا هناك شارع حصارات, [إكنوميك بلوكد] واقعيّا حول كاتمندو يفرض ب ال [مويستس], ال [مركت-بريس] من طعام بضائع يتلقّى يذهب إرتفاع جميلة. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.



Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Katmandu, Katmandu’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff